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The study examines socio-psychological orientations of students of technical education (commerce colleges, technology colleges, Technical training institutes, and vocational training institutes) towards the learning of English language. The study emphasizes the social psychological variables of attitude and motivation. In technical education the syllabus of English is different from the institutes of general education. The students of general education study English language till the last year of their graduation, while the students of commerce education study functional English in the 3rd year and business communication in 4th year. These courses relate to business correspondence. The study finds that students of technical education concentrate on learning of English for its utilitarian purpose. It is due to the reason that the absence of inadequate language policy and linguistic reality of Pakistan impact these essential socio- psychological elements of the student and his view point about English language learning. Further, students also like to learn English language due to 'instrumental' purpose or for the purpose to acculturate themselves with the target language society.

Polarization is an interesting additional social indicator for analyzing income inequality and poverty across countries, as it captures the phenomenon of 'clustering around extreme poles'. Rising income polarization can be harmful since it is closely linked to poverty, social exclusion, social tension and social unrest. Present study emphasizes on the measurement of income polarization in Pakistan to determine the degree of this social conflict. Polarization is measured by the index provided in Bossert and Schwor (2006). Results are further decomposed over time to identify the major factors contributing to polarization in Pakistan. Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) surveys for the years 2001-02, 2004-05 and 2007-08 are utilized for the sake of empirical analysis. The results reveal that the polarization increased from 2001-02 to 2004-05 and then it decreased from 2004-05 to 2007-08.

Knowledge about disease its risk factor, sign/symptoms and different aspect of prevention and treatment with accurate information help the professional to make informed decision about the health practice. Average rate of the knowledge regarding prevention and treatment of Osteoporosis has been found among the different health professional over the world, including female Nurses. Aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of Nurses regarding prevention of osteoporosis. Cross-sectional design was used in research. Two Government hospitals Jinnah Hospital and Lahore General Hospital choosed for setting. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data was collect through written Questionnaire consist of 24 close ended question. Data analyzed by SPSS version 21. It was concluded that Nurses have moderate knowledge about risk factor and prevention of osteoporosis. The staff nurses who were young and clinical experience 5-10 years have positive about their role and skill about prevention and management of osteoporosis. Nurses believed that they have an important role in educating the public on osteoporosis prevention and management. One in four women over the age of 60 will develop osteoporosis 84.2% were agreed about that statement. Heredity plays role in development of osteoporosis; in response of this question 60% nurses were disagreed. Yet, their knowledge on different issues (e.g. signs of the disease, medication, and lifestyle problems) was moderate. Measures should be taken in order to expand nurses' knowledge, such as education programs and postgraduate courses.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-3: 202-209

PurposeThis study investigates the interaction between organizational strategic factors (Leadership and management support [LMS] and green learning orientation [GLO]) and green innovation performance (GIP), through the lens of resource-based view (RBV) theory. It examines both the direct and indirect impacts of these factors on GIP via green knowledge management (GKM), and explores how green absorptive capacity (GAC) enhances these relationships.Design/methodology/approachUsing Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and moderated mediation analysis, we analyzed responses from 419 individuals across 154 manufacturing firms in Pakistan to understand these dynamics.FindingsResults show that LMS and GLO significantly affect GIP, both directly and indirectly, through GKM. Furthermore, GAC intensifies the impact of GLO on GKM and the influence of GKM on GIP, indicating a moderated mediation effect.Practical implicationsHighlighting the importance of LMS, GLO, GKM, and GAC, the study suggests that focusing on these areas can help firms align their strategies with sustainability goals, enhancing their GIP. These insights can guide policymakers in creating supportive strategies for businesses to improve their GAC, facilitating better knowledge adoption and application.Originality/valueThe research contributes to the RBV theory by clarifying the role of strategic organizational factors in enhancing GIP within manufacturing firms, offering a clearer path to achieving sustainability goals.

This study delves into the empirical relationship between terrorism and the shadow economy using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). This study scrutinize the observed indicators and causal factors by employing Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Multiple Indicators, Multiple Causes (MIMIC) estimation techniques. To empirically probe this relationship, our investigation utilizes unbalanced panel data spanning 65 developing countries from 2000 to 2019. By introducing terrorism control and the shadow economy as latent variables, we aim to clarify the ambiguous conclusions prevalent in recent empirical studies. Our empirical results validate the widely held notion that unregulated shadow economic activities nurture terrorism, particularly in regions with weak economic and political infrastructures. Notably, expanding the shadow economy in developing nations is associated with diminished terrorism control. Furthermore, our findings highlight the relationship between terrorist activities and ethnic and religious conflicts while underscoring the positive influence of enhanced freedom of movement on counterterrorism accomplishments. Inadequate governance intensifies involvement in the shadow economy, creating fertile ground for the proliferation of terrorism. Moreover, our study clarifies how expanding shadow economies facilitate underground cash flows, fueling terrorism. Governments are urged to prioritize efforts to curb the size of the shadow economy and eliminate hidden financial transactions that intensify internal and external tensions. As policy recommendations based on our empirical findings, the introduction of digital currencies is a deterrent to shadow economic activities and terrorism. Global governments must implement robust economic reforms to foster legitimate economic activities, effectively mitigate the shadow economy and terrorism, and foster inclusive growth, resilience, and prosperity for future generations.