Suchergebnisse

A study is presented of the rise & fall of the Ecole Nationale d'Administration (ENDA) of Kinshas from 1961 to 1971 in the context of the modernization forces of Zaire. Themes of the ENDA experience, common to similar institutions in other developing countries include: (1) search for an appropriate role, (2) search for security, (3) struggle for status & survival, (4) conflict with the U establishment, (5) competitive bids for influence of technical assistance agencies, & (6) the need to adapt to a rapidly changing environment. 2 Tables. Modified HA.

In dem Beitrag wird eine ökonomische Erklärung für die historische Entwicklung von der Armenfürsorge bis zu den Programmen moderner Sozialpolitik gegeben. Ausgangspunkt ist die Hypothese, daß die Entwicklung moderner gesundheits- und sozialpolitischer Konzeptionen zumindest teilweise als eine Reaktion auf die im Zuge des wirtschaftlichen Wachstums steigende Produktivität und zunehmende Knappheit des Faktors Arbeit zu betrachten ist. Skizziert werden die den Produktionsfaktor Arbeit betreffenden Aspekte der Sozialpolitik verschiedener Länder während der Industrialisierung. Am Beispiel der Armengesetzgebung in England und Frankreich vor der industriellen Revolution wird eine Vorstellung davon in unterentwickelten Wirtschaftssystemen gegeben. Für das Stadium der beschleunigten Industrialisierung im 19. Jahrhundert werden die gesellschaftlichen Reaktionen auf das Problem der Armut und Einkommenssicherheit dargestellt. Dabei werden die Unterschiede in der Haltung zur sozialen Sicherung zwischen Deutschland, England und den USA aufgezeigt. Insgesamt wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der Entwicklung von der Armenfürsorge zu modernen Sozialprogrammen einerseits und den langfristigen Veränderungen der wirtschaftlichen Stellung des Arbeiters andererseits deutlich gemacht. (KW)

An analysis of the interplay of soc forces that have shaped the the soc security systems In diff pol'ai & cultural settings, which traces the development of the concept of econ protection as a soc right from the French revolution, which proclaimed the right to work, through the poor laws in Europe, to the present time. The author next examines the development of soc security systems in 4 countries. Germany started with Bismarck's paternalistic approach, followed by the Sue Democratic emphasis on redistribution of wealth from the rich to the poor. After WWII, the system was radically reoriented. With West Germany's participation in the Common Market, a .,compromise was made between the protection of every individual & incentive to econ growth. The UK saw the gradual emergence of the concept of equality & of the protection of the dignity of the individual. This development culminated in the Beveridge Plan, which was implemented by the postwar Labor gov. In the US, with a strong individualist tradition, the soc security system was always strongly linked to the entrepreneur philosophy. The crucial concept is the contributary-contractual principle, for which the rationale is the idea of earned contractual right. Since the gov does not contribute to the soc security funds & since the deductions are levied from the lowest part of the earnings, there is a strong regressive element in the US system. In the USSR, econ protection of all citizens is considered the duty of the state & follows from the philosophy of collectivism. Hence, the coverage is complete & the workers do not have to contribute anything. But by the same logic, the state can manipulate the system for its needs & advantage. It can use it, for instance, to attract people to regions it wants to develop or for punitive ends. In conclusion, the systems in the countries compared are very similar in the external aspects: all beneficiaries of soc security systems wait for their regular pay checks. But the diff soc philosophies & degrees of representativeness of gov's affect, if not the extent, certainly the structure of the rights. The diff's relate to the degree of protection, the conditions under which rights are awarded & the meanings attached to them. A. Peskin.

Over a century ago the American economist Henry C. Carey wrote that the masters of slaves "feel that they consult their own interests in feeding, clothing, and lodging them well, because wealth increases faster than population, and their labor becomes daily more valuable." The change in the wealth/labor ratio which Carey noted is a fundamental aspect of economic growth. Carey saw its consequences in terms of the better care bestowed upon the slave by his master, but with appropriate modifications the same consequences apply to the free worker in a maturing industrial society.