Suchergebnisse

El texto da la vuelta al estudio habitual de las transiciones y evoluciones políticas en el África neoindependiente al cuestionar el patrón que se suele utilizar para evaluarlas, el modelo ideal de la democracia moderna. El texto contrasta las oscilaciones del optimismo experto respecto de los estados africanos con las reiteradas constataciones empíricas de la inadecuación del modelo de Estado legado por la colonización a la realidad y el potencial del tejido social africano. El autor propone que numerosas presuntas disfunciones africanas deberían ser analizadas como experimentos necesarios para garantizar la gestión de la diversidad en la sociedad global, una capacidad que no acumula el viejo modelo de Estado-nación europeo y que quizás implique abandonar o matizar el principio del individuo como única fuente última de soberanía.

The meeting of the existential challenges, specific to every generation, and the positioning of precedent constructs, insufficient and limited in the transmission of information, is regarded as an important progress factor. In the second half of the XIX century, the existence and pragmatism of inclinations, trends and orientations in Philosophy, Metaphysics and Natural Science would have given a decisive contribution to the formation of the necessary conditions so that the intuitions and experimental research of Wilhelm Wundt conducted to remarkable progress in Psychology. The creation of the first laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the University of Lipsia, in 1879, highlighted the incontrovertible contribution of the introspection method, and, consequently, the history of Psychology registered the birth of Experimental Psychology as a Science.

In front of the rapid transformations of late childhood, the pre-adolescents need orientation and support to be able to reach the goals of development and to learn how to use, integrate and reorganize what they have already acquired. While the necessities of every period of development are being energized again, they have the possibility to review and satisfy, through the process of re-experimentation, some important psychological topics that were not complete yet. Practically, they are involved with a new process of learning. They do not relive the various phases of the first and second childhood, but they relive only certain aspects of it, to resolve unsettled problems. It is exactly in this period marked by transition that the contribution of the permits helps the adolescents to live re-experimenting the process of identification and separation characterized by the phase of attachment, exploration, separation and socialization.

Abstract
For nearly two decades, there has seemingly been no way to make intellectual property norms compatible with the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol (NP). This conflict makes these two international agreements inoperative and difficult to apply.
This study analyzes the main disagreements between the regulations of the CBD and NP on the one hand and intellectual property norms on the other. It briefly reviews the character and the dominant perspectives of both regulations and identifies concepts and interpretations that, if applied correctly, could make them compatible. To this end, the approach of this paper is to separate the problem of conservation and sustainability in biodiversity from the problem of the lack of intrinsic, potential or use value attributed to genetic resources and traditional knowledge. It also redeems the notion of patents as an instrument to reestablish fair competition and solve the market failure of unfair imitation, rather than its deployment as a strategic asset to generate extraordinary, monopolistic profits. At the same time, the article evaluates the assumed preponderance of innovation and conservation goals in comparison to other rights and public interests. The study analyzes the eleven most important connections between the rules that regulate the access to and use and distribution of benefits deriving from biodiversity and those that protect intellectual property. It concludes that most international impasses in which intellectual property is pitted against the CBD and the NP find a solution through the new approach proposed above. Finally, the article briefly provides solutions to each of the eleven issues examined.

Este segundo número ha sido producido en medio de la pandemia global, una experiencia que aún nos atraviesa en múltiples dimensiones y que ha generado una impensada conexión entre diversos y remotos mundos. Nos ha enfrentado a una insólita y pretendida "igualación" de la humanidad frente al virus, al tiempo que expuso al desnudo las desigualdades, la geopolítica de la salud, la tecnología y las economías, la frágil arquitectura de la comunicación y las emociones, las asimetrías del conocimiento y la educación. De manera cruel y despojada las estadísticas y sus interpretaciones ocuparon masivamente las conversaciones, los medios informativos, los textos, las redes y los comunicados oficiales, los números se deslizaron y resignificaron los actos de la vida cotidiana, también revelaron las condiciones materiales y de infraestructura sanitaria concretas, las precariedades de distinto orden y las decisiones de la política pública. El devenir y la centralidad indispensable de la información, conllevó un extenuante ejercicio respecto de las formas de circulación de discursos negacionistas, anticientificos y/o "conspiranoicos" tensionando y "politizando" en diversos pliegues el discurso de los expertos, los organismos internacionales y el entramado de la política publica y exterior convertida en "neutra", una paradoja sobre la cual seguramente seguiremos discutiendo en los próximos años.