Suchergebnisse

Em diálogo com José Jorge Letria, recorda o avô Filipe Mendes, um militante e dirigente republicano que muito lhe ensinou sobre os combates pela cidadania e pela liberdade, partilha a evolução do seu pensamento político e reconhece, na comemoração dos 200 anos do nascimento de Marx, que o seu pensamento continua vivo, embora não deva ser entendido como uma bíblia.

First of all we will analyse the origin of the Portuguese Revolution of 1974-1975, or more precisely, determine in what social and political-institutional circumstances an apparently classic military coup d'État could transform itself into a revolutionary process. Then we will discuss the main principles and objectives, as well as the major events and protagonists. Finally, we will make a short comparison with the Spanish transition and try to establish the type of relation which existed between the revolution of 1974-75 and the political democracy institutionalised in 1976.

Background: Chagas disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is an important public health problem in Latin America. The immunological mechanisms involved in Chagas disease pathogenesis remain incompletely elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore cytokine profiles and their possible association to the infecting DTU and the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. Methods: 109 sero-positive T. cruzi patients and 21 negative controls from Bolivia and Colombia, were included. Flow cytometry assays for 13 cytokines were conducted on human sera. Patients were divided into two groups: in one we compared the quantification of cytokines between patients with and without chronic cardiomyopathy; in second group we compared the levels of cytokines and the genetic variability of T. cruzi. Results: Significant difference in anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines profiles was observed between the two groups cardiac and non-cardiac. Moreover, serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-22 and IL-10 presented an association with the genetic variability of T.cruzi, with significant differences in TcI and mixed infections TcI/TcII. Conclusion: Expression of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a relevant role in determining the clinical presentation of chronic patients with Chagas disease and suggests the occurrence of specific immune responses, probably associated to different T. cruzi DTUs. © 2014 Poveda et al. ; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain (SAF2010-18733), Chagas EpiNet from The European Union Seventh Framework Programme, contract no. 223034, RED RICET RD12/0018/0004 and Comunidad de Madrid S-2010/BMD-2332 to MF, and an institutional grant of Fundacion Ramon Areces and by Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (PS09/00538), the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) and TDR/WHO ; Peer Reviewed

Background: Chagas disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is an important public health problem in Latin America. The immunological mechanisms involved in Chagas disease pathogenesis remain incompletely elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore cytokine profiles and their possible association to the infecting DTU and the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. Methods: 109 sero-positive T. cruzi patients and 21 negative controls from Bolivia and Colombia, were included. Flow cytometry assays for 13 cytokines were conducted on human sera. Patients were divided into two groups: in one we compared the quantification of cytokines between patients with and without chronic cardiomyopathy; in second group we compared the levels of cytokines and the genetic variability of T. cruzi. Results: Significant difference in anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines profiles was observed between the two groups cardiac and non-cardiac. Moreover, serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-22 and IL-10 presented an association with the genetic variability of T.cruzi, with significant differences in TcI and mixed infections TcI/TcII. Conclusion: Expression of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a relevant role in determining the clinical presentation of chronic patients with Chagas disease and suggests the occurrence of specific immune responses, probably associated to different T. cruzi DTUs. © 2014 Poveda et al. ; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain (SAF2010-18733), Chagas EpiNet from The European Union Seventh Framework Programme, contract no. 223034, RED RICET RD12/0018/0004 and Comunidad de Madrid S-2010/BMD-2332 to MF, and an institutional grant of Fundacion Ramon Areces and by Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (PS09/00538), the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) and TDR/WHO ; Peer Reviewed