Suchergebnisse

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether administration of the situation present assessment method (SPAM) affects workload and/or task performance. Background: SPAM probes are thought to isolate workload from the assessment of situation awareness (SA) by including a warning signal before asking an SA-related question. However, there is a good reason to think that SPAM may still have an effect on dynamic workload and task performance. Specifically, nearly all dual tasks affect workload and performance; thus, it would be surprising if SPAM did not. Method: Following the methods of Durso, Bleckley, and Dattel, I evaluated workload and performance on the Air Traffic Scenarios Test in SPAM, non-SPAM probe, and no-probe conditions. Results: Global workload was unaffected by probe administration. However, at least with novice performers, SPAM probes affected task performance. Conclusion: The use of a warning signal does not eliminate performance decrements associated with secondary tasks. Moreover, there may be performance decrements unique to SPAM. Application: Cautious users of online assessment measures, such as SPAM, may want to remove performance immediately subsequent to probes from analysis, use an interprobe interval longer than 2.83 min, and construct their assessment measures to reduce display search times unrelated to primary task performance.

The political economy of the European Union: Institutions, policy, and economic growth by Gert Tinggaard Svendsen is reviewed.

This reply addresses the issues raised by Dougherty in response to my 1999 article in this journal. I also develop a new graphical model of the optimal collection rate under the Articles, where states made contributions, & contrast it to the revenue potential from direct taxation. I believe that despite Dougherty's criticisms, my argument remains valid. While the Articles were not perfect in an absolute sense, that when more properly viewed in a comparative manner, that the system of state contributions for raising revenue under the Articles was (& still is) superior to a system of direct federal taxation. 3 Figures, 17 References. Adapted from the source document.