Suchergebnisse

Background: In the last 20 years, South Africa has experienced political, economic, and demographic transitions accompanied by an epidemiological transition. Like several sub-Saharan countries, the South African population is facing both under–and over–nutrition, and nutrition and lifestyle related chronic disease while the burden of infectious disease remains high. It is critical to understand these trends overtime in order to highlights the pitfalls and successful measures initiatives taken in the efforts to tackle malnutrition. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the changes in the prevalence of stunting, a chronic form of undernutrition, in South Africa over 40 years, and to derive lessons from the South African experience, a country in an advanced process of transition in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We undertook a systematic review of publications selected from PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. We included studies and surveys published between 1970 and 2013 if they reported the prevalence of stunting (low height-for-age) in children under-6 years of age living in South Africa. We excluded studies conducted in health facility outpatients or hospital wards, or children with known chronic and acute infectious diseases. We extracted Date of data collection, study setting, ethnicity, age, sex, sample size, growth references/standards, diagnostic criteria for stunting and prevalence of stunting from each study. Results: Over the last decade, the national prevalence of stunting has decreased. However, between and within provincial, age and ethnic group disparities remain. Unlike other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, no sex or rural/urban differences were found in preschool children. However, the analysis of long-term trends and identification of vulnerable groups is complicated by the use of different growth references/standards and sampling methods. Conclusion: Despite economic growth, political and social transitions, and national nutritional programs, stunting remains stubbornly persistent and prevalent in South Africa. A multi-sectoral and public health approach is needed to: (i) better monitor stunting over time, (ii) combat malnutrition during the first thousand days of life through continued efforts to improve maternal nutrition during pregnancy and infant feeding practices.

Abstract Background In the last 20 years, South Africa has experienced political, economic, and demographic transitions accompanied by an epidemiological transition. Like several sub-Saharan countries, the South African population is facing both under–and over–nutrition, and nutrition and lifestyle related chronic disease while the burden of infectious disease remains high. It is critical to understand these trends overtime in order to highlights the pitfalls and successful measures initiatives taken in the efforts to tackle malnutrition. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the changes in the prevalence of stunting, a chronic form of undernutrition, in South Africa over 40 years, and to derive lessons from the South African experience, a country in an advanced process of transition in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We undertook a systematic review of publications selected from PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. We included studies and surveys published between 1970 and 2013 if they reported the prevalence of stunting (low height-for-age) in children under-6 years of age living in South Africa. We excluded studies conducted in health facility outpatients or hospital wards, or children with known chronic and acute infectious diseases. We extracted Date of data collection, study setting, ethnicity, age, sex, sample size, growth references/standards, diagnostic criteria for stunting and prevalence of stunting from each study. Results Over the last decade, the national prevalence of stunting has decreased. However, between and within provincial, age and ethnic group disparities remain. Unlike other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, no sex or rural/urban differences were found in preschool children. However, the analysis of long-term trends and identification of vulnerable groups is complicated by the use of different growth references/standards and sampling methods. Conclusion Despite economic growth, political and social transitions, and national nutritional programs, stunting remains stubbornly persistent and prevalent in South Africa. A multi-sectoral and public health approach is needed to: (i) better monitor stunting over time, (ii) combat malnutrition during the first thousand days of life through continued efforts to improve maternal nutrition during pregnancy and infant feeding practices.

AbstractThis article documents the work of Islamic charities and NGOs from diverse backgrounds to develop sets of principles guiding their humanitarian and charitable work, in the framework of the dialogue and cooperation among Islamic NGOs and charities as well as between Islamic and Western humanitarian agencies. The authors look at draft documents that resulted from these processes, and the way these relate to the core principles of humanitarian action. They further follow how the dialogue and cooperation between humanitarian organizations from different backgrounds and origins has influenced the orientation of this debate on humanitarian principles from theory and identity to concrete and shared challenges and concerns.

The Islamic business owners and intellects wished Islam to play a superior part in the description for shared virtuousness in the economic processes. A cross-influence established with Muslim cultural values created a liberal and market oriented Western pattern of development facilitating the Islamic entrepreneurs and intellectuals to pursue contentment not only in the afterlife but also in earthly living. Bediuzzaman Said Nursi was a missionary who educated that Muslims must not discard modernity nonetheless discover newer stimulus in the blessed manuscripts to involve through it. Anticipating the development of political Islam required moderate and pro-Western Islam with sufficient materialistic liberalism to support economic development, thus necessitating the compatibility of Islamic ideas and practices with the market economy and complex web of businesses lead to an operative and post-developmental policy that requires self-governing, clear and responsible in interface with culture and economy. It should control unrestricted market which is constructive, untarnished, inspiringly causative to economic growth, socially protective and impartial to the enterprise and people Bediuzzaman Said Nursi was instrumental in the development thrust areas where the silent Muslim majority also required financial support for Islamic-oriented newspapers, television, and radio stations which were felt as a parallel modernity to the distinct world views and their life-styles by the way of clothing, taste, music, food, residential areas, vacation hotels, and the like. This paper analysis the Islamic thinking and its orientation for such development envisioned by Bediuzzaman Said Nursi in current commercial standings to achieve a very competitive edge with the western world.

Mit der politischen Liberalisierung in Tansania hat die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von Religion und Politik im Land beträchtlich an Aktualität gewonnen. Die Autoren der 3 Beiträge befassen sich mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten dieses Themas. J. V. Mwapacho schildert den jüngsten Vorstoß der christlichen Kirchen, die mit deutlicher Kritik an der sozioökonomischen Entwicklung Tansanias und der Haltung von Staat und Regierungspartei an die Öffentlichkeit getreten sind. Der Autor beschreibt die offizielle Reaktion der Regierung darauf, fragt nach Grenzen zwischen Religion und Politik und schildert die Rolle der Kirchen in Tansania während der Regierungszeit von J. Nyerere. J. Sivalon diskutiert das Verhältnis zwischen Religion und Politik zunächst anhand verschiedener theoretischer Modelle und erläutert dann die Praxis der tansanischen Regierung, die die Religionsgemeinschaften und religiösen Organisationen lange Zeit wirkungsvoll kontrollieren konnte. M. Said setzt sich in seinem Beitrag mit dem Einfluß der beiden großen Religionsgemeinschaften der Moslems und Christen in Staat und Gesellschaft auseinander. Er zeigt auf, wie stark die moslemische Bevölkerung in Staat, Verwaltung und an den Hochschulen unterrepräsentiert ist, während die christlichen Kirchen ihren Einfluß geschickt auszubauen verstanden. Seit der politischen Liberalisierung fürchtet die christliche Bevölkerung um ihre privilegierte Stellung. (DÜI-Ply)