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This paper surveys research findings since the early 1970s, focusing on the growth processes of both traditional and modern industries and their relations with government activity in the period between the 1870s and 1940. Most of the surveyed research can be seen as a response to two theses: first, that pre‐1940 Japan was essentially a market‐led economy; and second, that the traditional sector did not decline in the industrialisation process, but in fact prospered. The survey argues that there were a good deal of interactions between the modern and traditional sectors at regional levels and that the regional economy occupied a significant place in the ways in which government business relations were structured.

Chapter 1. Envisioning the mangrove future through mapping and modelling of mangrove ecosystem services -- Chapter 2. Monitoring Spatial and Temporal Distribution, Pattern and Trend Prediction of Coastal Mangroves in Pakistan using Geospatial Techniques -- Chapter 3.Assessment of mangrove colonization of aquaculture ponds through satellite image analysis: Implications for mangrove management -- Chapter 4. Ecosystem services and their future scenarios centring on mangrove ecosystem in Ishigaki Island, Japan -- Chapter 5. A participatory stakeholder-based approach to assess the drivers and challenges of mangrove loss in Kochi, Kerala, India -- Chapter 6.Understanding potential drivers of mangrove loss in Bhitarkanika and Mahanadi Delta, India to enhance effective restoration and conservation efforts -- Chapter 7. Advancement in measurement and estimation methods of blue carbon studies -- Chapter 8. Change mapping of aboveground carbon stocks and ecosystem services in the mangrove forest of Andaman Islands - implications for conservation and Ecosystem-Based Adaptation -- Chapter 9.Depicting Mangrove's Potential as Blue Carbon Champion in Indonesia -- Chapter 10. Eco-engineering and mangrove restoration methods to stabilize earthen embankments and establishing bio-shield against natural disasters: a case study from Sundarban Ramsar Wetland, India -- Chapter 11. Ecosystem Services of Urban Fringe Mangrove Forests: The Case of Tamsui River Estuary Mangrove Forest, Taiwan -- Chapter 12. Diversity and Structural Characteristics of Mangrove Forests in the Southern District of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines -- Chapter 13. Cultural Ecosystem Services of Mangroves: A Review of Models and Methods -- Chapter 14. Capacity-building around indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) systems for effective climate adaptation in the low-lying coasts and small-islands -- Chapter 15. Ecosystem services and well-being in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh: A multiple evidence base trajectory -- Chapter 16. Fostering Mangrove Ecosystem Services for Resilient Future of the Asia-Pacific: A Knowledge Synthesis.

This book summarizes three years of extensive research conducted in Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Vietnam as part of the CECAR - Asia project, which was intended to enhance resilience to climate and ecosystem changes by developing mosaic systems to strengthen resilience of bio-production systems through the integration of large-scale modern agriculture systems with traditional, decentralized small-scale systems. The book starts with climate downscaling and impact assessment in rural Asia, and then explores various adaptation options and measures by utilizing modern science and traditional knowledge including home garden systems and ancient irrigation systems. The book subsequently examines the influence of climatic and ecological changes and the vulnerability of social economies from quantitative and qualitative standpoints, applying econometric and statistical models in agriculture communities of Asia to do so. The main goal of all chapters and case studies presented here is to identify the merits of applying organic methods to both commercial large-scale production and traditional production to strengthen social resilience and promote sustainable development. Especially at a time when modern agriculture systems are highly optimized but run the risk of failure due to changes in the climate and ecosystem, this book offers viable approaches to developing an integrated framework of modern and traditional systems to enhance productivity and total system resilience, as illustrated in various case studies

AbstractAgricultural land accounts for 37% of the world's terrestrial area, and the multiple functions of agroecosystems—providing food, soil and water retention, and various cultural services—are of great importance for sustainable land management. To ensure that multifunctionality, payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes have been developed for heterogeneous agroecosystems. However, the effects of the schemes have not been fully measured because, in most cases, they have been implemented as action-oriented programs rather than outcome-based payments. This study examines the effect of a community-based PES (CB-PES) program on the prevention of farmland abandonment to assess the agricultural outcomes of PES implementation in hilly and mountainous areas in Japan. We interviewed farmers in enrolled communities, mapped enrolled plots, and analyzed agricultural census data on the socioeconomic characteristics and farmland management conditions of 12,261 farmers in 960 agricultural communities in a typical hilly and mountainous area of Noto Peninsula in northern Japan. The results confirm that direct payments are effective in enhancing community management and in preventing additional farmland abandonment. In addition, we found that several socioeconomic and environmental factors at both the community and farmer levels—including geographical conditions, collective management activities, absence of successors, farm scale, and off-farm income dependency—simultaneously affected the farmland abandonment process. Specifically, collective practices within and between communities is a significant factor in preventing farmland abandonment more than collaboration with outsiders. Considering the depopulation and aging of rural communities throughout Japan, intercommunity enrollment could improve the effectiveness of CB-PES by upscaling the current payment scheme to maintain community functions.

This open access book presents up-to-date analyses of community-based approaches to sustainable resource management of SEPLS (socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes) in areas where a harmonious relationship between the natural environment and the people who inhabit it is essential to ensure community and environmental well-being as well as to build resilience in the ecosystems that support this well-being. Understanding SEPLS and the forces of change that can weaken their resilience requires the integration of knowledge across a wide range of academic disciplines as well as from indigenous knowledge and experience. Moreover, given the wide variation in the socio-ecological makeup of SEPLS around the globe, as well as in their political and economic contexts, individual communities will be at the forefront of developing the measures appropriate for their unique circumstances. This in turn requires robust communication systems and broad participatory approaches. Sustainability science (SuS) research is highly integrated, participatory and solutions driven, and as such is well suited to the study of SEPLS. Through case studies, literature reviews and SuS analyses, the book explores various approaches to stakeholder participation, policy development and appropriate action for the future of SEPLS. It provides communities, researchers and decision-makers at various levels with new tools and strategies for exploring scenarios and creating future visions for sustainable societies.