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AbstractClassic theory has long been interested in mobility, but with limited attention to the implications of intergenerational movement for inequality-specific beliefs. In this article, we introduce a dynamic conception and modeling of the impact of intergenerational occupational mobility on inequality orientations generally and distributive and redistributive beliefs in particular. The diagonal models we employ using 2008–2010 General Social Survey samples—modeling that considers intergenerational occupational origin and destination, and that is replicated on a larger sample across three waves of the GSS—reveal strong conservatizing effects of mobility overall. Those who occupationally fall relative to their parents, although somewhat more progressive by virtue of the downward mobility experience, tend to cling more so to the conservative beliefs characteristic of their higher status origins. Those experiencing mobility gains, in contrast, usually adopt the more conservative orientations of those who they are now surrounded by and in ways that legitimize individual efforts. These patterns are notably pronounced compared to other aspects of one's job, political affiliation, and status-related attributes; are somewhat stronger among men than women; and differ significantly for Blacks. We elaborate and conclude by highlighting the need for a mobility-centered corrective to sociological understandings of inequality beliefs and how workplace-related experiences in particular shape ideological leanings.

This dissertation examines the following research question: How do individuals perceive gender wealth inequalities within the family? In the three empirical studies, I tackle this question from two perspectives. On the one hand, the first study examines personal perceptions of inequality by analyzing with observational data how changes in the actual distribution of wealth within couples is related to changes in partners' life satisfaction. On the other hand, the second study and the third study examine the public's fairness perceptions of within-family wealth inequality. By means of multi-factorial survey experiments, these two studies examine under which conditions inequality in savings between partners and inequality in parental inter vivos transfers between siblings are justified. Thus, perceptions of gender wealth inequalities within the family are considered both from a general attitudinal perspective and a personal perspective of affected individuals. By showing that personal wealth within couples is related to partner's life satisfaction and by identifying beliefs in gendered entitlements to wealth, the three studies provide novel evidence against the often made assumptions that all financial resources of the household are treated gender neutrally and each household member benefits equally from these resources. At least for women, the first study finds a significant positive relationship between changes in women's relative wealth and life satisfaction, which is driven rather by changes in women's own than in their partner's absolute wealth. With experimental data, the second study shows that individuals' fairness perceptions of within-couple inequality in savings are gendered, that is, depend on whom inequality favours. Whereas inequality in ownership of savings is rated fairer if it is in favour of the husband, inequality in control over savings is rated fairer if it is in favour of the wife. The third study shows that fairness perceptions of parental inter vivos transfers are gendered. We find evidence for beliefs that unemployment daughters are entitled to more transfers than unemployed sons but that daughters, who help in their parents' household, are entitled to less transfers than helping sons. However, the studies also show that equality is an important principle within the family. The second study finds that equal control over savings is perceived as more important than equal ownership of savings to establish fairness in marriage. In addition, the third study finds wide-spread support for beliefs in allocating parental inter vivos equally between children. By showing that beliefs about equal sharing of wealth within the family finds support but also that personal wealth matters and that beliefs in gendered entitlements to wealth exist, this dissertation contextualizes the substantial gender wealth gap identified in prior research.

"Over the last decade, there has been a marked increase in the number of studies on attitude and decision research which use the factorial survey (FS) design. The FS integrates experimental set-ups into a survey: respondents react to hypothetical descriptions (vignettes) while the values of each attribute (dimension) of these descriptions systematically vary in order to estimate their impact on respondent judgments. As the vignettes are based on a number of dimensions and as respondents evaluate several vignettes, FSs are demanding in terms of individual cognitive and information-processing abilities. So far, there is little empirical knowledge of whether and to what extent this complexity is feasible in general population samples with heterogeneous respondents. Using data from a study on the fairness of earnings (with a mixed mode sample consisting a computer assisted personal interview -CAPI-, computer assisted self interview -CASI-, and paper and pencil -PAPI- mode), the complexity of FSs is analyzed in terms of: 1) design dimensions, such as the number of vignette dimensions (five, eight, or 12) and the number of vignettes for single respondents (10, 20, or 30), which were varied in a 3x3 experimental design; and 2) respondent characteristics that are associated with cognitive abilities (age and education). Two different indicators for cognitive load as well as learning and fatigue effects are analyzed: 1) latency time and 2) response consistency. The results show that raw reaction times but not latency times are longer for older respondents, suggesting that the cognitive effort needed for the evaluation of vignettes is not particularly high. Consistency measures reveal that respondents with a lower educational level show greater inconsistency in their evaluations when the number of vignettes is high. The number of dimensions has an effect on consistency only when respondents have to rate a large number of vignettes. In short, the results demonstrate that FSs are applicable in general population samples but should be used with a limited number of vignettes and dimensions per respondent." (author's abstract)

Die Methode der faktoriellen Surveys zur Einstellungs- und Normenmessung zählt mittlerweile zum Repertoire vieler soziologischer Teildisziplinen. Im Kontrast zu dieser häufigen Anwendung steht die geringe Erforschung des Verfahrens, wobei von Beginn an verschiedene methodische Probleme diskutiert werden. Spekuliert wird zum Beispiel darüber, ob und ab welcher Anzahl an Dimensionen eine Überforderung der Befragten eintritt und wie sich diese äußert. Ebenso ist unklar, inwieweit das Standardvorgehen, den einzelnen Befragten gleich mehrere Vignetten zur Beurteilung vorzulegen, zu Ermüdungseffekten und damit inkonsistenten Antworten sowie ungewünschten Ausstrahlungseffekten der anfänglichen Urteile auf die späteren führt. Allgemein ist unklar, wie die Datenqualität faktorieller Surveys einzuschätzen und zu verbessern ist. Das im vorliegendem Beitrag vorgestellte Forschungsprojekt zielt genau in diese Lücke in der Methodenforschung. Es handelt sich um das von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderte Projekt 'Der faktorielle Survey als Instrument zur Einstellungsmessung in Umfragen'. Zentrale Forschungsfragen und Erhebungstechniken werden in Abschnitt 2 dargestellt und anschließend anhand einer beispielhaften Analyse zum Einfluss der Komplexität (Variation der Anzahl an Dimensionen) illustriert (Abschnitt 3). Hierfür bildet eine experimentelle Online-Vignettenstudie zur Einkommensgerechtigkeit die Datenbasis. Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Ausblick auf weitere Forschungsfragen (Abschnitt 4). (ICI2)

"This paper describes two studies designed to test how two structural conditions of an interview situation - the presence of an interviewer and use of incentives - influence respondents' preferences regarding inequality. According to goal-framing theory and findings from empirical justice research, different goal frames are activated in different types of relationships, producing different distributional preferences: Cooperative situations induce a normative goal frame resulting in a stronger preference for equality whereas competitive situations induce a gain frame in which individuals have stronger preferences for inequality. Assuming the former type of relationship is established by the presence of an interviewer and the latter type by incentivizing, we conducted two studies to test our hypotheses.
The results suggest that building a cooperative relationship through interviewer presence and cooperation priming leads to a preference for equality, while use of incentives leads to a clear preference for inequality." (author's abstract)

Multi-factorial survey experiments have become a well-established tool in social sciences as they combine experimental designs with advantages of heterogeneous respondent samples. This survey was conducted to investigate methods problems that can be related with different design features of factorial surveys. Three questions can be investigated: how to present vignettes (running text vs. table), how to measure responses (rating vs. open scale), and how to sort vignettes (random vs. extreme-cases-first, to prevent censored responses). Experiments were conducted in a 2 x 2 x 2 between-subject design with 408 university students rating decks à 20 vignettes.
Results were published in Carsten Sauer, Katrin Auspurg, Thomas Hinz
(2020).

Bei der Studie "Erwartungen an Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft" handelt es sich um eine
bundesweite Befragung von 4.731 Personen im Zeitraum Oktober 2012 bis April 2013 zum
Thema der Herausbildung von Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen über den Lebensverlauf. Die
Erhebung wurde im Rahmen des Sonderforschungsbereichs 882 der Universität Bielefeld im
Teilprojekt A6 "Die Legitimation von Ungleichheiten: Strukturelle Bedingungen von
Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen über den Lebensverlauf" durchgeführt. Die Stichprobenziehung
basiert auf Meldedaten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA)

Die 2. Welle der Beschäftigtenbefragung "Legitimation of Inequality Over the Life-Span" (LINOS) wurde im Kontext des durch die DFG geförderten Projekts "Strukturelle Bedingungen von Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen" als Multi-Mode-Befragung (CAPI, PAPI und CAWI) durchgeführt. Die als Langfristpanel angelegte Studie untersucht die Entwicklung von Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen über den Lebensverlauf auf Grundlage eines handlungstheoretisch begründeten, soziologischen Erklärungsansatzes und unter Berücksichtigung der strukturellen Einbindungen in soziale Kontexte.