Recent Studies in Balkan History
In: Southeastern Europe: L' Europe du sud-est, Band 1, Heft 1, S. 89-97
ISSN: 1876-3332
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In: Southeastern Europe: L' Europe du sud-est, Band 1, Heft 1, S. 89-97
ISSN: 1876-3332
In: Slavic review: interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies, Band 32, Heft 4, S. 846-847
ISSN: 2325-7784
In: Slavic review: interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies, Band 31, Heft 4, S. 934-935
ISSN: 2325-7784
In: Slavic review: interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies, Band 31, Heft 2, S. 500-500
ISSN: 2325-7784
In: Slavic review: interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies, Band 31, Heft 2, S. 490-491
ISSN: 2325-7784
In: Slavic review: interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies, Band 31, Heft 1, S. 224-225
ISSN: 2325-7784
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 393, Heft 1, S. 155-156
ISSN: 1552-3349
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 392, Heft 1, S. 198-199
ISSN: 1552-3349
In: Slavic review: interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies, Band 29, Heft 2, S. 322-323
ISSN: 2325-7784
In: Slavic review: interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies, Band 28, Heft 3, S. 513-514
ISSN: 2325-7784
In: Annales: histoire, sciences sociales, Band 21, Heft 5, S. 1026-1040
ISSN: 1953-8146
Comment le maïs s'est-il répandu dans les Balkans ? Problème à peine abordé. Soulignons d'emblée que cette introduction s'est faite, comme ailleurs, d'une manière très différente de celle de la pomme de terre, qui s'installe péniblement, contre le gré du peuple, refusant en Épire et en Basse Albanie de « s'abaisser à manger comme lesFrenks» une nourriture maudite qui « se cache dans le sein de la terre ». Ce sont des colons allemands et tchèques, des soldats et des étudiants, qui vont la faire connaître aux peuples des pays pannoniens ; c'est l'armée autrichienne qui va essayer, pendant la guerre austro-turque de 1788-1791, d'en imposer la culture aux paysans serbes habitant la lisière méridionale de la Save et du Danube, les commandants des Confins Militaires qui, en 1802, vont menacer de quarante coups de bâtons les paysans serbes et croates qui s'obstinent à refuser d'en semer ; enfin des souverains balkaniques — le prince-évêque Pierre Ierdu Monténégro en 1786 et le prince Miloš de Serbie en 1821 — qui vont se présenter en fervents champions de cette nouvelle culture. Malgré cet appui officiel, la pomme de terre va gagner du terrain très lentement, demeurant inconnue dans maints endroits, tel que le vilayet de Prizren, jusqu'après 1875
In: The journal of economic history, Band 23, Heft 3, S. 376-378
ISSN: 1471-6372
In: Annales: histoire, sciences sociales, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 600-601
ISSN: 1953-8146
In: Slavic review: interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies, Band 21, Heft 4, S. 623-632
ISSN: 2325-7784
In: The journal of economic history, Band 20, Heft 2, S. 234-313
ISSN: 1471-6372
The origins of a Balkan Orthodox merchant class or classes may be traced back to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Not until the eighteenth century, however, did it become sufficiently strong in wealth and number to capture the trade of Hungary, South Russia, and the eastern Mediterranean. The eighteenth century was a time of expansion of French, German, English, and Russian trade in the Balkans. It was also a time of growth of the trade of Moslem Albanian and Bosnian merchants. But, in terms of its significance to the cultural, political, and general historical evolution of the Balkan peoples, most important of all was the expansion of the Balkan Orthodox merchant: the Greek trader of Constantinople, Salonika, and Smyrna, the Greek and Orthodox Albanian merchant, sailor, and shipper of the smaller Aegean islands, the Greek, Vlach, and Macedo-Slav muleteer and forwarding agent of Epirus, Thessaly, and Macedonia, the Serbian pig-merchant of Šumadija, the "Illyrian" muleteer and forwarding agent of Herzegovina and Dalmatia, who set up business in Ragusa (Dubrovnik) or Trieste, the "Rascian" of Pannonia, and the Greek or Bulgarian of the eastern Rhodope. The Balkan Orthodox merchants were Ottoman, Habsburg, and Russian subjects, but their principal business was to bring goods into or out of the Ottoman Empire. The area of their primary business concentration stretched north and west of the political limits of the Ottoman Empire to Nezhin in South Russia, Leipzig in Germany, Vienna in Austria, and Livorno and Naples in Italy. In western Europe, they succeeded in creating an area of secondary commercial penetration.