Suchergebnisse

IFPRI5; CRP7; F Strengthening institutions and governance ; EPTD ; PR ; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

This article considers the interplay between the bodily experience of landscape and the formation of sociality. We investigate the social experiences of landscape in nineteenth‐century Roviana Lagoon in the Solomon Islands, dealing specifically with the ritualized architecture of a fortification on Nusa Roviana Island. Drawing on oral tradition and archaeological and historical data, we argue that the architectural remains reflect a powerful mode of shaping social experience and notions of personhood in the manipulation of ideology. The Roviana landscape creates a world in which genealogical lines are sedimented to place, and practices of ritual violence and head‐hunting are made to appear necessary and natural. Paying attention to both oral and material history allows a greater understanding of the ways in which such social structures are reproduced, and adds to the construction of a rich historical anthropology.

PR ; IFPRI1; CRP7 ; EPTD ; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

Food systems are currently facing unprecedented challenges. More than 690 million people still suffer hunger while climate change, rapid depletion of natural resources, and loss of biodiversity further threaten future food systems. Influential global reports emphasize the need for fundamental transformations of food systems for human and planetary health, but few incorporate economic considerations. This review adopts an economic lens to assessing potential transitions to ideal food systems that are productive, sustainable, nutritious, resilient, and inclusive. Our findings show that new technologies, policies, institutions, and behavior changes can leverage synergies for achieving multiple food system targets, but rigorous economic analysis is needed to further analyze trade-offs and to overcome complex behavioral, institutional, and political barriers. This review also points to important knowledge gaps that economists and other social scientists must address to contribute to the radical transformation of food systems. ; PR ; IFPRI3; ISI ; DSGD; EPTD

The Philippines is much more prone to climate change effects than are many other countries. The potential impact on the agriculture sector is of particular concern, given its vital role in the economy and for vulnerable households. Most research warns of the negative impact of climate change on yields for major cereal crops, which could threaten food security and hinder the long-run development process. Incremental adaptation through the introduction of new crop varieties, improved agricultural management practices, and more efficient irrigation are expected to reduce yield losses. However, efforts to promote systemwide adjustment would have broader effects, especially as the risk of climate change increases. This study proposes a new approach for adaptation strategies by exploring policy reform in agriculture as a transformative way to help economic agents adapt to climate change. We specifically explore the rice policy reform currently being pursued by the government through the abolishment of the rice quota program. We find this reform could help transform the agricultural and economic system by allowing scarce resources move from low- to high-productivity sectors, thus increasing the country's adaptive capacity. However, the rice farmer and vulnerable groups that are prone to climate shocks are adversely affected by the policy. Thus, we introduce alternative intervention policies to complement the reform agenda by providing a cash transfers program to vulnerable groups or a subsidy to support rice farmers. Both offer less impact in economic efficiency gains, but the cash transfer program is superior in terms of supporting the vulnerable group in coping with climate change under the rice reform policy. This shows that the transformational adaptation strategy may create a welfare loss to certain agents but that adding government intervention could act as the second-best policy and become a transition pathway before the whole system transforms to reach the optimal efficiency point when the intervention program is eventually phased out. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP7; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; CRP2 ; DSGD; EPTD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Notre objectif dans ce chapitre est d'aider les décideurs et les chercheurs à mieux comprendre et anticiper les impacts probables du changement climatique sur l'agriculture et sur les ménages vulnérables au Nigeria. Pour ce faire, nous examineront les données actuelles sur l'agriculture et le développement économique, la modélisation des changements climatiques prévus d'ici 2050, en utilisant des modèles de culture pour évaluer l'impact du changement climatique sur la production agricole, et globalement nous ferons la modélisation de l'offre et la demande de nourriture afin de prévoir les tendances des prix des aliments. La vulnérabilité au changement climatique est perçue comme étant élevée dans les pays en développement en raison de conditions sociales, économiques et environnementaux qui exacerbent la sensibilité aux impacts négatifs et contribuent à réduire la capacité à faire face et à s'adapter aux aléas climatiques. En raison du niveau élevé de vulnérabilité des pays en développement, il est urgent de cerner les contours des menaces du changement climatique auxquels ces pays sont confrontés, de formuler des politiques qui permettre d'atténuer les risques et de prendre les mesures idoines. Le quatrième rapport d'évaluation du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur le changement climatique (Parry et al., 2007) a observé que les informations relatives aux impacts du changement climatique sur les secteurs et systèmes importants dans les pays en développement tels que l'agriculture, la foresterie, la pêche, les ressources en eau, la santé humaine, les établissements humains et les systèmes écologiques ne sont pas suffisantes pour faciliter la compréhension des principales vulnérabilités et la planification de stratégies d'adaptation appropriées. Il a également observé que de nombreux pays en développement ont une capacité insuffisante pour évaluer systématiquement les impacts potentiels et les mesures d'adaptation. L'une des principales raisons du manque de compréhension de la vulnérabilité est le manque de volonté politique d'accorder la priorité aux questions de changement climatique dans la formulation et la mise en oeuvre de politiques. ; PR ; IFPRI1; CRP7 ; EPTD ; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

The second of three books in IFPRI's climate change in Africa series, East African Agriculture and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis examines the food security threats facing 10 of the countries that make up east and central Africa - Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda - and explores how climate change will increase the efforts needed to achieve sustainable food security throughout the region. East Africa's populations is expected to grow at least through mid-century. The region will also see income growth. Both will put increased pressure on the natural resources needed to produce food, and climate change makes the challenges greater. East Africa is already experiencing rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and increasing extreme events. Without attention to adaptation, the poor will suffer. ; Chapter 1 Overview; Chapter 2 Methodology; Chapter 3 Burundi; Chapter 4 Democratic Republic of Congo; Chapter 5 Eritrea; Chapter 6 Ethiopia; Chapter 7 Kenya; Chapter 8 Madagascar; Chapter 9 Rwanda; Chapter 10 Sudan; Chapter 11 Tanzania; Chapter 12 Uganda; Chapter 13 Summary and Conclusions ; PR ; IFPRI1; CRP7; CRP2 ; EPTD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Cet ouvrage qui est le premier d'une trilogie de la série changement climatique en Afrique de l'IFPRI et intitulé L'Agriculture ouest-africaine et le changement climatique: une analyse Exhaustive, examine la façon dont le changement climatique nuira à la sécurité alimentaire dans 11 des pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest, à savoir le Bénin, le Burkina Faso, la Côte d'Ivoire, le Ghana, la Guinée, le Libéria, le Niger, le Nigeria, le Sénégal, la Sierra Leone et le Togo et explore la manière dont le changement climatique va exiger des efforts accrus pour parvenir à une sécurité alimentaire durable dans toute la région. La population ouest-africaine devrait croître au moins jusqu'à la moitié du siècle. La région verra également une augmentation de ses revenus. Ces deux facteurs ne feront qu'accentuer la pression sur les ressources naturelles nécessaires pour produire de la nourriture, alors que s'amoncèlent les défis liés au changement climatique. L'Afrique de l'Ouest connaît déjà la hausse des températures, des régimes pluviométriques variables et des événements extrêmes de plus en plus fréquents. Par conséquent si des mesures idoines d'adaptations ne sont pas prises, ce sont les pauvres qui en paieront le plus lourd tribut. A l'aide de centaines de cartes de scénarios, de modèles, de figures et d'analyses détaillées, les rédacteurs et contributeurs à L'Agriculture ouest-africaine et le changement climatique: une analyse Exhaustive présentent des scénarios futurs plausibles qui combinent des caractéristiques économiques et biophysiques pour explorer les conséquences possibles pour l'agriculture, la sécurité alimentaire et la gestion des ressources à l'horizon 2050. Ils formulent également des recommandations aux gouvernements nationaux et aux organisations économiques régionales qui s'intéressent déjà aux vulnérabilités au changement climatique et aux écarts dans l'environnement. Les décideurs et chercheurs trouveront en L'Agriculture ouest-africaine et le changement climatique: une analyse Exhaustive un précieux outil d'aide à l'élaboration de politiques et permettant d'étudier les diverses et probables conséquences du changement climatique. ; Overview Methodology Benin Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Ginea Liberia Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Summary and Conclusions ; PR ; IFPRI1; CRP7 ; EPTD ; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

La modélisation des impacts du changement climatique sur l'agriculture présente un défi majeur résultant de processus de grandes envergures lié au fonctionnement des marchés, à l'écosystème et au comportement humain. Le cadre analytique utilisé dans cette monographie intègre des composants de la modélisation qui vont de la macro à la micro pour modéliser un ensemble de processus, de l'économie à la biologie. Ce chapitre regroupe les détails techniques qui se rapportent aux modèles utilisés pour cette monographie ainsi que d'autres informations techniques qu'on retrouve dans bon nombre de chapitre. La Figure 2.1 présente un diagramme qui fait le lien entre les trois modèles utilisés : l'Institut International de Recherche sur les Politiques Alimentaires (IFPRI), le modèle international pour l'analyse de produits agricoles et des échanges commerciaux, (IMPACT) (Rosegrant et al. 2008), un modèle d'équilibre partiel de l'agriculture qui met l'accent sur les politiques de simulations, un modèle hydrologique intégré au modèle IMPACT, et le logiciel d'aide à la décision pour le transfert des technologies agricoles (DSSAT) (Jones et al. 2003), qui est utilisé pour évaluer le rendement de la production agricole ; PR ; IFPRI1; CRP7 ; EPTD ; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

The International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) was developed at IFPRI at the beginning of the 1990s to address a lack of long-term vision and consensus among policy-makers and researchers about the actions that are necessary to feed the world in the future, reduce poverty, and protect the natural resource base. In 1993, these same long-term global concerns launched the 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Initiative which created the opportunity for further development of the IMPACT model. In 1995 the first results using IMPACT were published as a 2020 Vision discussion paper: Global Food Projections to 2020: Implications for Investment (Rosegrant et al. 1995) in which the effects of population, investment, and trade scenarios on food security and nutrition status, especially in developing countries, were analyzed. IMPACT continues to serve as the basis for research examining the linkage between the production of key food commodities and food demand and security at the national level in the context of scenarios of future change. Studies focus on regional issues, commodity-level analyses, and cross-cutting thematic issues. IMPACT is also embedded in a variety of major global assessments to complement interdisciplinary, scenario-based work on the future of food supply and demand. The first comprehensive set of results for IMPACT were published in the book Global Food Projections to 2020 (Rosegrant et al. 2001). These projections—which were presented in 2001 at the IFPRI-sponsored conference in Bonn entitled: Sustainable Food Security for All by 2020—are presented with details on the demand system and other underlying data used in the projections work, and cover both global and regionally-focused projections. A complete list of the research published using the IMPACT modeling framework is provided in Appendix 1, including reports for international organizations, such as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the FAO, and national governments. NOTE: The 2008 version is superceded by this 2012 version, and the 2008 version is retained for archival purposes and researching using this model should use the documentation from 2012. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP38; HarvestChoice ; EPTD

Histone H4 acetylation at Lysine 16 (H4K16ac) is a key epigenetic mark involved in gene regulation, DNA repair and chromatin remodeling, and though it is known to be essential for embryonic development, its role during adult life is still poorly understood. Here we show that this lysine is massively hyperacetylated in peripheral neutrophils. Genome-wide mapping of H4K16ac in terminally differentiated blood cells, along with functional experiments, supported a role for this histone post-translational modification in the regulation of cell differentiation and apoptosis in the hematopoietic system. Furthermore, in neutrophils, H4K16ac was enriched at specific DNA repeats. These DNA regions presented an accessible chromatin conformation and were associated with the cleavage sites that generate the 50 kb DNA fragments during the first stages of programmed cell death. Our results thus suggest that H4K16ac plays a dual role in myeloid cells as it not only regulates differentiation and apoptosis, but it also exhibits a non-canonical structural role in poising chromatin for cleavage at an early stage of neutrophil cell death. ; Plan Nacional de I+D+I co-funding FEDER [PI15/00892 and PI18/01527 to M.F.F. and A.F.F.; PI16/01318 and PI14/01244 to C.L.]; ISCIII-Subdireccion General de Evaluacion y Fomento de la Investigacion, and Plan Nacional de I+D+I 2008–2011/FEDER [CP11/00131 to A.F.F.]; IUOPA (to G.F.B. and M.I.S.); Fundacion Cientifica de la AECC (to R.G.U.); Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral fellowships [FJCI-2015-26965 to J.R.T., IJCI-2015- 23316 to V.L.]; Fundacion Ramon Areces (to M.F.F); FICYT (to E.G.T., M.G.G., A.C.); Asturias Regional Government [GRUPIN14-052 to M.F.F.]; Gobierno del Principado de Asturias, PCTI-Plan de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion co-funding Fondos FEDER (grant number IDI/2018/146 to M.F.F. and IDI/2018/144 to C.L.); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [SFB960 to A.V.G., R.D.]; European Research Council [CoG-2014-646903]; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [SAF-SAF2013-43065 to P.M.]; Asociacion Española Contra el Cancer [AECC-CI-2015]; FERO Foundation, and the ISCIII [PI14-01191 to C.B.]; P.M. acknowledges financial support from The Obra Social La Caixa Fundacio Josep Carreras and The Generalitat de Catalunya (SGR330). P.M. an investigator from the Spanish Cell Therapy cooperative network (TERCEL). The IUOPA is supported by the Obra Social Liberbank-Cajastur, Spain. Funding for open access charge: Plan Nacional de I+D+I co-funding FEDER [PI18/01527].