Suchergebnisse

Studies of ethnic minorities in upland northern Vietnam often emphasize how such groups are incorporated within the nation, and how members react to market liberalization. Yet, based on ethnographic research in Lào Cai Province, particularly among the Hmong, we argue that many highlanders see their situation quite differently. Combining locally embedded social, political, and economic forms with the imperatives of Vietnam's liberalization, they adapt their strategies and reinvent their livelihoods as they see fit. What is absorbed and what is discarded depends on the opportunities that arise at any precise moment, not just on rational choice and economic benefit.

ABSTRACTThis article explores the cross‐border trading networks and practices of highland residents in north‐west Vietnam. It reveals how such individuals, of highland minority and majority Kinh ethnicities, negotiate the political reality of an international border in highly pragmatic ways as they augment their livelihoods by trading commodities with inhabitants in south‐west China. We follow four particular commodities, traded across different political tiers of border crossing (each with specific rules, regulations and negotiations), by a diverse range of traders. In doing so we argue that border access is mediated by a complex and multifaceted set of social and structural components including not only state policy, but ethnically‐embedded social relations and specific geographic variables that, in turn, are engendering disparate economic opportunities.

The effects of the G.I. Bill on collegiate attainment may have differed for black and white Americans owing to differential returns to education and differences in opportunities at colleges and universities, with men in the South facing explicitly segregated colleges. The empirical evidence suggests that World War II and the availability of G.I. benefits had a substantial and positive impact on the educational attainment of white men and black men born outside the South. However, for those black veterans likely to be limited to the South in their educational choices, the G.I. Bill had little effect on collegiate outcomes.

Through addressing the history of Crystal Palace at Sydenham, this collection provides a valuable review of nineteenth-century visual and material culture. It broadens our understanding of how exhibitions were constructed, mediated and consumed and contributes to emerging critical debates about modernity and Modernism in the early twentieth century