Suchergebnisse

Research on immigration politics has been focused on countries of the Global North. Latin America is often discussed only as a migrant‐sending region. This study offers a comparative‐historical analysis of Brazilian immigration policy from national independence to the present day. Based on archival research and synthesis of multiple documentation sources, the study finds an affinity between authoritarian politics and immigration restrictionism in the country, which is consistent with theories that link liberal democracy to pro‐immigrant policies. Brazilian authoritarian leaders have framed immigrants as threats to the security, order, and culture of the nation to justify tighter controls on immigration. The study concludes that immigration restrictionism can develop in the Global South with discourses strikingly similar to those circulated in the Global North. The findings also suggest that Brazil is still far from the ideal of a multiracial liberal democracy.

AbstractThis article examines Megalopolis 50 years after Gottmann's seminal study of the most urbanized region of the US Eastern Seaboard. His study provides an invaluable datum point, and we use it as a benchmark for reexamining the socio‐spatial transformations of a city region. After redefining Megalopolis and showing major aggregate trends since 1950, we analyze 39 selected variables for place level census data for 2,353 places to perform a principal components analysis (PCA). Our analysis shows that Megalopolis remains a significant center for the nation's population and economic activity. A half century of urban restructuring demonstrates that the forces of urban decentralization have made the region a more fully suburbanized agglomeration. We reveal a complex socioeconomic pattern of a vast urban area structured by class, education, housing tenure, housing age, and race and ethnicity. The cluster analysis reveals five distinct clusters of urban places identified by our PCA: 'affluent places', 'places of poverty', 'Black middle class places', 'immigrant gateway places' and 'middle America places'.RésuméIl s'agit ici de revenir sur Mégalopolis 50 ans après l'étude majeure de Gottmann sur la région la plus urbanisée du littoral Est des Etats‐Unis. Son étude procure un point de départ inestimable utilisé ici comme référence à partir de laquelle rééxaminer les transformations socio‐spatiales d'une région métropolitaine. Dans un premier temps, ce travail redéfinit Mégalopolis et présente les grandes tendances à la concentration depuis 1950. Il analyse ensuite 39 variables choisies, portant sur les données de recensement des lieux par niveau (2.353 lieux traités), afin d'effectuer une analyse en composantes principales (PCA). Celle‐ci montre que Mégalopolis demeure un nœud important pour la population et l'activitééconomique nationales. Un demi‐siècle de restructuration urbaine met en évidence que, à cause des forces de décentralisation urbaine, la région est devenue une agglomération aux banlieues plus étendues. Il se dégage un schéma socioéconomique complexe propre à une vaste zone urbaine structurée par classe, niveau d'éducation, type de jouissance du logement, ancienneté des habitations, ainsi que par race et ethnicité. Une analyse des pôles (clusters) révèlent cinq pôles de lieux urbains repérés par l'analyse PCA: 'lieux aisés', 'lieux pauvres', 'lieux pour classes moyennes noires', 'lieux d'entrée des immigrants', et 'lieux pour Américains moyens'.

Social scientists of the urban condition have long been interested in the causes and consequences of the phenomena that shape the growth and decline of cities and their suburbs. Such interests have become increasingly relevant in light of the Covid-19 pandemic. Over the course of the pandemic, many academic and popular analyses have confronted two essential questions: How has the pandemic changed the city? And given these changes, are they permanent? This current scholarly and popular dialogue generally lacks comparative analysis. In this article, we attempt to further the analysis and discussion about the pandemic and the city by reframing the debate through three comparative lenses: temporal, scalar, and dimensional. Drawing on the debate and experience of urban areas in the United States, we present an analytical framework to apply a comparative analytical approach. Three temporal analytical matrices are presented: (a) pre-pandemic, (b) current-pandemic, and (c) post-pandemic. These matrices articulate the relationships between a city's developmental patterns and their related dimensions of urbanization. We pay special attention to the nature of scale within and among the cities and suburbs of regions. Each matrix is tested and contextualized using relevant narratives from cities in the United States before, during, and after the pandemic on various issues, including housing, transportation, and economic development. This framework will serve as an analytical tool for future research on the pandemic and how cities can become more resilient to such shocks.