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The main purpose of the paper is to discuss an apparent erosion of competitiveness of the Serbian economy in the aftermath of the global crisis and to propose a set of policy interventions that would restore the pre-crisis level of competitiveness, as well as support the resumption of institutional and policy reforms needed to close the gap with new EU members and other candidate countries. Comprehensive measures of competitiveness (such as GCI produced by the World Economic Forum), empirical studies, and academic papers provide a wealth of information on key determinants of competitiveness, growth, and current account sustainability. GCI alone measures 111 indicators organized into 12 pillars and three blocks focusing on basic requirements, efficiency and innovation. Empirical studies identified dozens of factors that contribute to or explain import and export dynamics, and determine CA movements with large numbers of possible policy combinations (mixes) that could be associated with desirable growth outcomes. Clearly, not all factors are equally important or really binding. To identify the key binding constraints to competitiveness and sustainable growth of the Serbian economy the paper uses a diagnostic methodology advanced by Rodrik and Hausmann [9] and further developed by Hausmann et al. [1 ]. We confirm recent empirical findings and claims of Serbian businesses that the real effective exchange rate (REER) indeed represents an immediate binding constraint on competitiveness and growth which needs to be addressed as soon as possible. However, it should be stressed that finding and maintaining equilibrium REER is not a panacea that will cure all problems of tradable sector in Serbia. It is closely followed by high real cost of financing and inefficient financial intermediation, expensive and intrusive state (resulting in costly uncompetitive business environment), and inefficient management and labor force (manifested through high unit labor costs or low productivity). These constraints need to be addressed in short sequence to restart the engines of export led growth.

Rad je posvećen likovnim prikazima gladijatorskih borbi i drugih sličnih dešavanja iz amfiteatra i hipodroma sa teritorije Srbije. Autor ukazuje na karakter i značaj ovakvih scena na raznorodnim arheološkim nalazima: votivnim i utilitarnim predmetima, mozaicima i sitnoj figuralnoj plastici. Koncentracija ovakvih predmeta u najrazvijenijim rimskim civilnim i vojnim centrima (Sirmijum, Singidunum, Viminacijum) upućuje na moguća mesta održavanja igara (ludi, circenses, munera) u mestima susticanja političke i ekonomske moći u periodu od II do IV veka. ; Professor Aleksandar Jovanović paid attention in few of his works to representations of gladiators, athletes, circus competitions and other scenes from the amphitheater and hippodrome. I will try in this work following the signposts indicated in these texts to compile the finds of such scenes from the archaeological sites in Serbia. The archaeological finds with diverse scenes ascribed to the group of antique games (ludi, circenses, munera) are important as possible indicators of acceptance of the Roman way of life and customs but also as evidence of the character, organization and duration of games in the Roman provinces within the borders of modern Serbia. The investigations of distinct public buildings intended for gladiator combats or circus competitions like amphitheater in Viminacium and Late Roman hippodrome in Sremska Mitrovica (Sirmium) confirm that games had been organized there in the Roman times. Besides occasional and late mentions, the historical and epigraphic sources mostly remain silent about gladiator combats and circus races in the Roman provinces in this region, so every trace, which shed more light on this important and very interesting subject, is rather significant. The summary of heterogeneous finds from the territory of Serbia with representations from amphitheaters and circuses indicates that without any doubt the games had been organized in this region. It should be emphasized that each distinctive group of archaeological finds has different importance in these studies. The imported pottery lamps (Pl. I, II) or bowls with relief representations of gladiators (Pl. III) are in fact just goods whose distribution mostly depended on traffic and market conditions, while drawings on bricks (Pl. IV) or votive objects with characteristic scenes (Pl. V, VII) suggest more direct interest of local population in the world of antique games. The almost complete absence of lamps with gladiators in the necropoles of Viminacium, which is hitherto only Roman city in Serbia with archaeologically confirmed amphitheater, suggests that quantity of such finds at distinct site could not be understood as confirmation for the organization of the games. The pottery vessels with game scenes are somewhat more frequent in Viminacium, so they together with other similar finds like figurines, pottery molds and drawings on bricks provide more comprehensible picture. In Sirmium, the oldest Roman city in Serbia, the amphitheater has not been archaeologically confirmed until these days. Nevertheless, there was encountered considerably amount of lamps and imported terra sigillata with the scenes from arena as well as the drawings of gladiators on tegulae. All this and importance of this civil settlement as political and economic center indicate that besides the hippodrome constructed in the beginning of the 4th century we could expect to find amphitheatre or theatre in the area of modern Sremska Mitrovica. Singidunum, castrum of the legion and large civil center at the confluence of the Sava and the Danube, could have also had an amphitheater but its remains have also not been discovered yet. We should however bore in mind the fact that amphitheaters are confirmed or supposed in Burnum and Tilurium, the original camps of two legions (IIII Flavia, VII Claudia) later transferred from Dalmatia to the Danube valley (in the end of the 1st century). This leaves room for the assumption that like in Viminacium the amphitheatre could have been constructed next to the castrum in Singidunum or in its vicinity. We could only assume whether Naissus as important strategic center in the time of Roman conquest of territory of present-day Serbia and later antique city with many magnificent buildings had its amphitheatre or hippodrome because we do not have conclusive evidence in the archaeological finds. There are certain assumptions that structure of horse-shoe shape (80 x 60 m) at the site Konjsko groblje around 1 km to the northwest of Niš could be the remains of the amphitheater. The earliest representations of diverse repertoire of the games appear on imported pottery, first of all on lamps from north Italic centers dating from the first decades of the 1st century and on south Gaulish terra sigillata from the end of the 1st century. These finds are concentrated at the sites of first Roman settlements, mostly in the Sava valley (Sirmium, Gomolava), i.e. along main communication routes in the Pannonia Inferior. More frequent appearance of merchandise with such representations in Moesia Superior starts from the 2nd century and continues in the 3rd century. The import of vessels from the workshops at Rheinzabern, Westendorf, Pfaffenhofen and Trier was most intensive after the Marcomannic wars and continued in the second half of the 3rd century. The period of the 2nd and 3rd century was the time of intensive social and first of all economic progress in the Roman provinces in the territory of modern Serbia. It was the time of rapid development of economy (mining, agriculture, trade, and craftsmanship), urban centers and immigration of the Romanized population. The examples from the neighboring Roman Thrace reveal that first gladiator combats and hunting performances (venations) in this area have been taking place already in the mid 2nd century and that construction of permanent amphitheaters was more frequent from the time of Severi until the beginning of Diocletian's reign. More frequent organizing of games could be expected in the territory of present-day Serbia during that period as it is confirmed in Viminacium. The organizers of these bloodthirsty performances could have been high-ranking officials and priests of imperial cult and gladiators were mostly of Hellenic origin, either from Greece or Asia Minor. The unreliable information from the historical sources and absence of epigraphic monuments mentioning the games, their patrons and particularly lack of funerary monuments of gladiators or other game participants in the territory of Serbia makes impossible for the time being studying in detail this interesting subject. We hope that there soon will be more possibilities for such investigations based on archaeological excavations, detailed anthropological analyses or the revisions of the museum collections.

Zrna za praćku iz rimskog perioda, otkrivena na teritoriji Srbije, potvrda su prisustva praćkaša (funditores) angažovanih u rimskoj vojsci, kako odreda plaćenika regrutovanih u oblastima poznatim po upotrebi ovog bacačkog oružja (Sirija, Judeja, Ahaja, Rodos, Baleari), tako i vojnika obučenih u toku redovne obuke regruta. Za projektile od olova, kamena i keramike u najvećem broju slučajeva ne postoje precizniji podaci o mestu i uslovima nalaza. Za nekoliko olovnih primeraka, međutim, potvrđeno je da potiču iz rimskog kastela u Stojniku na Kosmaju, gde su najverovatnije i izrađivani u sklopu intenzivne metalurške delatnosti na eksploataciji srebrne i olovne rude. Otkriće velike ostave keramičkih projektila u rimskom utvrđenju Novae kod Čezave najsigurnija je potvrda prisustva rimskih praćkaša na đerdapskom limesu u periodu I-III v. ; The slingshots from Serbia are exceptional proof of the employment of slingers in this part of the Roman empire. Unfortunately, the provenance of the lead slingshots from the National Museum in Belgrade is mostly unknown but all are of the same type: with circular cross-section and pointed ends. The provenance of a few slingshots (for instance: fig. 2/6) have, however been traced to archaeological explorations of the 2nd century Roman fortress at Stojnik on the Kosmaj mountain (fig. 1). The fortress was built for the control and protection of nearby Roman silver and lead mines. The dimensions and weight of the lead slingshots from the Stojnik fortress, as well as other specimens of the same type from the National Museum in Belgrade, are almost identical. Their weight range varies between 126-138 g which could correspond to five Roman uncia (1 quincunx = 136.44 g) or 30-32 Atic drachmas (1 drachma = 4.336 g). Besides several lead examples from the National Museum in Belgrade (fig. 2), the largest find of clay slingshots originates from Čezava, i.e. the Roman fort Novae (fig. 1). The clay slingshots from Čezava (fig. 3/1-18) were discovered during archaeological excavations of the Roman military fort Novae in the Iron Gates. The castellan was one on the first large fortifications in the gorge, situated at a strategically important site, 100 m away from the river bank, where a port was established. The site was a convenient crossing point of the Danube in the gorge. The clay slingshots from Čezava were found either individually, or in larger numbers. The greatest number of slingshots were found around the southeast rampart, in a tower dated to the 2nd-3rd century, situated between porta principalis dextra and Tower IV (fig. 4). Here a store of 90 examples were discovered. A smaller number of identical shots were uncovered during excavation of Tower V and Tower III (fig. 4). A total of 147 slingshots were found. These concentrations of slingshots are not random. Considering that the effective range of slingshots could have been between 65-200 m, slingers placed on the ramparts and towers could control the road and the river bank, including the port and the river itself. This could have been of great significance had an enemy attempted to cross the Danube. Most slingshots were found in the layers dated on the basis of other finds to the 2nd and the 3rd century. Slingshots were made of refined clay modelled in aerodynamic form, most frequently biconical (pl. I/1a; fig. 3/1-6), oval (pl. I/1b; fig. 3/7-12) or olive (pl. I/1v; fig. 3/13-19) shaped and hard baked. The dimensions and weight of the Čezava shots differ considerably. Their length varies between 5.5-10 cm while the weight fluctuates from 42-259 g. The weight range indicates that clay slingshots were produced in several calibres, that could have been used for different purposes or range. With regard to the ancient metric system the weight range of Čezava projectiles fluctuates from 1S to 9S uncia (43.36-256.6 g), or between 10-60 drachmae (43.36-260.1 g), that is, at a ratio of 1:6. It seems that the coincidence is not accidental, especially in view of the weight of the drachma, the more so if we take into consideration the fact that the most skilful slingshot units in the Roman army were recruited in Greece and in the East. Although seemingly a simple weapon, the sling and its use are described in great detail in classical written sources. Ancient authors emphasize that slingers were utilized in preparations and support of infantry attacks in order to thin the ranks of the enemy and cause disorder. Mercenaries from Syria, Rhodes and the Balearic Islands engaged in the Roman army were commended as the most efficient in the ancient world. However, drilling recruits to use slingshots was part of regular service. For Vegetius, slingshot units belonged to the fifth combat line, together with archers and artillery crews. Moreover, they played a special role in sieges and the defense of fortifications. The same author recommends the deployment of these troops in naval battles, in which they could either support or hinder the landing of troops. Mention is also made of red-hot clay slingshots being used in order to set fire in the enemy camp. The engagement of slingers in the Danube Basin is not confirmed in historical or epigraphic sources. In addition to the finds of slingshots, perhaps the best illustration of their engagement in this territory is the scene from Trajan's column in Rome depicting Roman slingers fighting against the Dacians (pl. I/2). A connection between the finds of slingshots from Stojnik and Čezava and the units settled in the existing military forts is uncertain but not impossible. The fact that there is no direct epigraphic or written proof that a specialized unit of Roman slingers (fundatores) were garrisoned in Moesia Superior, does not seem to be relevant, since such a mentions are rare and late in date. Besides the size of the forts (Stojnik - 5 ha; Čezava - 1.6 ha) and their strategic importance, the Roman units garrisoned in Stojnik and Čezava were confirmed as mixed units - cohortes equitatae. Epigraphic data confirms the presence of such units, both in Kosmaj (Cohors II Aurelia nova milliaria equitata civium Romanorum, Cohors I Aurelia milliaria nova Pasinatum civium Romanorum, Cohors V Callaecorum et Lucensium, Cohors I Ulpia Pannoniorum milliaria equitata) and at Čezava (Cohors I Montanorum civium Romanorum and probably Cohors I Antiochensium). Owing to their mixed composition and numbers, cavalry cohorts were used as universal troops trained for different kinds of combat. They were frequently utilized in war, along with infantry and cavalry in legions. In times of peace they were also used on the borders of the Empire for the defense and control of the limes. As for the interior of the provinces, they were employed for the protection of important strategic points such as mines land and river communication lines, customs stations and larger urban centres. Finally, the presence of lead and clay slingshots in the Roman forts in Stojnik and Čezava can perhaps be explained by the presence of military units whose members were trained to use not only swords and spears, but also this ancient but effective weapon.

Prilikom istraživanja vojnog logora legije IV Flavije u Beogradu pronađen je jedan, za sada, na tlu Srbije izuzetan primerak ušice kanije mača izrađen od kosti ili slonovače. Na osnovu odgovarajućih analogija iz drugih provincija rimskog carstva (Britanije, Sirije, Panonije i Donje Mezije), kao i drugih nalaza iz sloja u kome je beogradski primerak nađen, ova ušica kanije mača datovana je u period III veka. Ovaj karakterističan način nošenja mača centralno-azijskog je porekla, a pojava navedene ušice na tlu antičkog Singidunuma hronološki odgovara vremenu stalnog angažovanja mezijskih legija u vojnim operacijama na istoku, kao i učestalijem angažovanju stranih najamničkih trupa u rimsku vojsku, u ovom slučaju trupa sa azijskog tla, koje su sa sobom donosile specifično naoružanje i tehnike ratovanja. ; Beside architectural remains of Castrum at Singidunum occupied by Legio IV Flavia, archaeological excavations at Upper Town of Belgrade Fortress have shown a great number of different minor objects which represent, more or less, common finds at roman military camps. Among them, one object (fig.l) can be identified as a slide or suspension loop of sword scabbard of the late roman period. According to the find of round brooch found in the same layer scabbard slide from Singidunum can be dated in III century AD. The main body of this object (dim: L 10.7 cm, W 1.1 cm, H 1.6 cm), made of bone or brownish ivory, is rectangular in section but tapers regularly from its broad upper end to the narrower tail. The main feature is a oblong slot cut trough from side flanked by small circular hole bored close to each end. The upper end of the main body is rounded off, whilst the lower end curves up forming a hook with a knob, which is almost circular disc. The other long side of the body is completely flat with exemption of small part missing, probably broken. Surface of this side is deliberately roughened with shallow longitudinal carves. The ends of slide have small projecting tongues. There has been no attempt to decorate any of the surfaces. Identical (ivory and bone) examples dated mainly in II-III century are known from Denmark (Vamoose), Britain (London, South Shields), Syria (Khisfine) Pannonia (Intercisa, Mursa), and Steklen (Novae) close to Svištov in Bulgaria. All known scabbard slides are exceptionally rare in comparison with other finds of roman military equipment. Mostly late in date, they occur at a time when an increasing number of barbarian troops were being brought into the Roman army.

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the impact of augmented reality on online user experiences. The analysis was performed on users' experience with the Ikea Place App by IKEA. Users were surveyed through the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), through which the information about their online experiences related to the analyzed application was collected. The aim of this paper is to determine whether augmented reality and augmented reality applications complement the online user experience, based on the analysis of their user experience and experience related to the dimensions of the presented application. The intention is to contribute to the creation of the business and academic public' interest in the concept of augmented reality as a model, which, by offering a 'customized' shopping experience, contributes to improving the level of consumer satisfaction.

This paper deals with a contrastive and conceptual analysis of somatic phraseologisms with the component eye in Italian, Spanish and Serbian, with the aim to find absolute cross-linguistic equivalents, i.e. those phraseologisms that will show a perfect symmetry on the semantic, formal and functional level, but also congruence in the concepts they express. A corpus of 102 phraseologisms was excerpted from the relevant general and phraseological dictionaries. The initial hypothesis is that, despite the fact that cases of absolute equivalents are rare, the analysed corpus will offer a significant number of such phraseologisms since somatic phraseology, due to the universality of bodily experience, reveals analogies between languages. The corpus was first subjected to a contrastive analysis in order to identify the cases of absolute equivalents. The corpus was also subjected to conceptual analysis, that aimed at determining the motivational mechanism underlying the phraseologisms, thanks to the postulated conceptual metaphors and metonymies, and then the phraseologisms were classified into semantic fields. The results confirmed the initial hypothesis. The phraseological corpus of the three contrasted languages offers a significant number of absolute translation equivalents among phraseologisms with the component eye. The largest number of absolute equivalents belongs to the semantic fields INSIGHT (6), followed by LOVE and ATTENTION/CAUTION (5). The first case can be explained by the fact that in almost all linguistic and cultural communities, eyes symbolise intellectual perception, and the second, that the semantic field of LOVE does not have precisely defined boundaries and implies different feelings ranging, from liking to lust. In the case of ATTENTION/CAUTION, the eyes, as the most important sense that perceives almost 90% of information serve, among other things, to monitor a situation and keep it under control. Some phraseologisms owe their absolute equivalence to the Bible, classical literature or mythology, and some to polygenesis and calques.

Numerous entities in various procedural roles participate in the litigation proceedings for the exercising, denying and restoring of parental rights. The usual classification of litigation participants into subjects in a narrow, and subjects in a broader sense, may apply to such litigations. In the narrow sense, the subjects of the litigations are the litigation court and the litigants. In a broader sense, these are all persons who in any way participate in the litigation: interveners, counsel, witnesses, expert witnesses, interpreters, translators. Some of them participate in the proceedings to protect their own, and others to protect the rights and interests of others, and some are there to provide the necessary assistance in collecting the litigation material, present evidence, etc. Pursuant to the family laws, the capacity of a party in these proceedings, through the standardization of the right to the standing to commence an action, is assigned to the child, parents, custody authority and the public prosecutor. However, these are only potential, but not necessary participants in these proceedings. The proceedings may also be initiated and conducted without all the participants of the family-legal relation participating in them. As a rule, there is no participation of the child as a party, although, essentially, the child's right to live with parents and to have (adequate) parental care is the central theme of the proceedings. In all of these litigations, in fact, legal protection is afforded to the rights of the child arising from the parent-child relationship, namely from the rights and duties of the parent towards the child. This paper critically analyzes the national regulations governing the position of the child in litigation proceedings in the legal matters of exercising, denying and the restoring of parental rights, with a view to determine whether, and to what extent, the solutions contained in those regulations comply with the postulates of a fair trial, enable the exercise of a child's right to participate in the proceedings that are to decide on the issues that affect him/her and provide effective protection of his/her procedural rights.

Autor razmatra političke učinke kompleksnoga izbornog sustava Austrije na stranački sustav te na zakonodavnu i izvršnu vlast. Reformom izbornog zakonodavstva u Drugoj Republici uvedeni su preferencijsko glasovanje i zatvorene neblokirane liste pa su birači dobili pravo da jedan preferencijski glas dadu kandidatu na listi za koju su glasovali. No to nije značajnije pridonijelo personalizaciji izbora i političkog predstavništva. U gotovo tridesetogodišnjem razdoblju (1959-1990) samo je jedan kandidat izabran u parlament zahvaljujući preferencijskim glasovima birača, a i poslije je to polazilo za rukom rijetkima. Autor smatra da pokušaji personalizacije izbora i političkog predstavništva nisu uspjeli zato što su u izborni sustav ugrađeni instituti i mehanizmi koji to nedostatno potiču: opcijsko preferencijsko glasovanje, visoka kvota preferencijskih glasova koja je potrebna za izbor kandidata, "tehničke" teškoće u primjeni preferencijskog glasovanja na pokrajinskoj razini, ali nevoljkost birača da ih prevladaju. Tome treba dodati centralizirane i ekskluzivne postupke selekcije kandidata za parlamentarne izbore u političkim strankama u kojima ključnu ulogu imaju stranačka vodstva, što kandidate potiče da daju prednost stranačkoj, a ne osobnoj izbornoj kampanji. ; The author looks at the complex Austrian electoral system and its political implications for the party system and for the legislative and executive powers. With the reform of the electoral legislation in the Second Republic, which introduced preferential voting and closed and nonblocked lists, voters got the right to give a preference vote to one of the candidates on the list they voted for. This, however, did not bring significant improvements in terms of more personalized election and political representation. In almost thirty years (1959-1990), only one candidate was elected to Parliament thanks to preferential votes, and few have managed to do so since. The author believes that attempts at personalizing election and political representation have failed because the electoral system is fraught with institutes and mechanisms that do not encourage such personalization strongly enough, such as optional preferential voting, too high quota of preference votes for a candidate to be elected, "technical" difficulties in implementing preferential voting at province level, as well as voters' reluctance to overcome such difficulties. On top of that, political parties have got centralized and exclusive parliamentary election candidate selection procedures, where the party leadership plays a crucial role, thus encouraging candidates to give precedence to the party campaign, instead of using a personalized one.

In this paper the comparison between several norms of the Crimi­nal Offence of Theft in the tradition of Tsar Dusan legislation and certain provisions of the Roman law was performed. On this occa­sion, the issue of robbery, theft of fruits and complicity to theft were treated in particular.

Journalists in Serbia have been in a continuously challenging position in recent decades (Freedom House, Nations in Transit 2022; Kulić, 2020; Milutinović, 2019; Milivojević et al., 2011). The expectations that the change in the country's political system at the beginning of the 21st century would bring significant improvements in media freedom have been disappointed. Over the last decade, the media freedom index has been steadily declining, placing Serbia among the countries with a "problematic situation" regarding media freedom (Statista, Press Freedom Index). This study aims to analyze the metajournalistic discourse (Carlson 2016; Vos & Singer 2016; Ferrucci, Nelson and Davis 2020) in texts published in online media and address the research questions: RQ1: How do journalists in Serbia interpret "media freedom" through the discourse published in online media texts? and RQ2: What is the tone of that metadiscourse? The analyzed texts were published in ten online media outlets in 2021 and 2022. The texts were collected using the news-generating website naslovi.net, using the keyword "media freedom." A total of 230 texts were selected in which journalists served as sources of information, either through statements or in authored texts (columns, commentaries). Through further analysis, the texts were categorized into four categories, created based on the dominant discourse prevailing in the text. The majority of the texts fell into the category of "pressures and attacks" (142), followed by "state and media" (63), "ethics and the law" (22), while three texts were related to the "market." The results indicate a predominantly negative discourse, which is in line with the axiom that gaining media freedom in challenging political systems is a daily effort.