Suchergebnisse

Planungspolitik und Durchführungsstrategie bei der neuen Stadtentwicklung in Hongkong und Singapur; Infrastruktur, Arbeitsplatzangebot, Wohnungsbaubeschaffung, soziale Zusammensetzung; privater und öffentlicher Wohnungsbau; ländliche Siedlungen und neue Städte in Hongkong 1960-1982 und Singapur 1957-1963. (HWWA)

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the research and development (R&D) structure and the effect which R&D may have on economic growth in Hebei Province, PRC. Through the comparison of R&D efficiency in Hebei and that of seven other regions (with top economic performance in China), it tries to find out the right ways of improving R&D performance, in order to increase its contribution to economic growth. It concludes with practical suggestions for future R&D management in Hebei, and it also offers a useful evaluation framework for other regions. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the analysis of R&D census in 2000 in China and an investigation of 532 large and medium enterprises in Hebei Province, this paper presents a data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework to measure the effects of R&D on economic growth in China. Regional comparisons of R&D efficiencies are also carried out. Findings – Applying the DEA model, this paper finds out the shortcomings of R&D structure in Hebei Province as well as problems in R&D efficiency compared to some other regions. The R&D scale of Hebei is still at the stage of increasing returns to scale, and its ratio of basic research: applied research: development should be adjusted to 2.9:10.4:86.7 instead of 5.7:2.6:67.6. Through the investigation of 532 large and medium enterprises between 1998 and 2000 in Hebei, it was also found that the indigenous innovation is currently the main pattern of Hebei's enterprises. Originality/value – With the DEA model, this paper presents a useful evaluation model on R&D structure and contribution to economic growth in Hebei Province, PRC. A comparison of regional R&D efficiencies provides an important guideline for local governments with respect to future policy making. The framework used in Hebei Province in this paper offers a good reference for some other regions as well.

Evaluation of actual zero energy buildings (ZEBs) performance and identification of its regional characteristics are of great significance for similar future projects. Based on more than 400 cases in cold regions, this study compared the post-evaluation and drivers of ZEBs from China, the US and the European Union (EU). Results found that ZEB definition, energy drivers, standard, regional policies, technology adoption and their adoption ratio determine the energy performance of cases. Not all EU and China cases reach the net-zero energy target; however, most ZEBs in the US do. ZEBs in cold regions adopted multiple technologies to achieve high energy-efficiency. The adoption ratio of passive technologies is higher than that of active technologies, especially in China. The active technologies in cold regions are mainly seen in the application of advanced HVAC systems. Such application of renewable technologies exhibits strong regional characteristics; for example, the EU's carbon emission reduction policies promoted the use of biomass-based technologies. The analysis also found that energy policies greatly enhance the development of ZEBs. Overall, achieving zero energy is a process, not an endpoint and many projects need further refinement after occupancy.

Collaborations between China and the European Union (EU) member states involve not only connections between China and individual countries, but also interactions between the different EU member states, the latter of which is due also to the influence exerted by the EU's integration strategy. The complex linkages between China and the EU28, as well as among the 28 EU member states, are of great importance for studying knowledge flows. Using co-authorship analysis, this study explores the changes of the network structure between 2000 and 2014. Our results show that EU member states with middle- or low- scientific capacities, in particular those who joined the EU after 2000, have been actively reshaping the network of scientific collaborations with China. The linkages between middle- and low- scientific capacity countries have been tremendously strengthened in the later years. The network positional advantage (measured by the degree of betweenness centrality) has shifted from a few dominant nations to a wider range of countries. We also find that countries like Belgium, Sweden and Denmark are in important positions connecting the relatively low-capacity 'new' EU member states with China. The 'new' EU member states—that have relatively low scientific capacity—intend to cooperate with China jointly with 'old' EU member(s).