Historical intentions and underlying values -- Advocacy of illegal action -- Conten-based speech restrictions : Chaplinsky and the concept of excluded speech -- Content-based speech restrictions : post-Chaplinsky categorical exclusions -- Content-neutral speech restrictions : symbolic speech and public Fora -- Vagueness, overbreadth, and prior restraints -- Freedom of association and compelled expression -- The government as employer, educator, and source of funds -- The press -- Electronic media and the First Amendment -- Overview of the religion clauses -- The establishment clause -- Free exercise -- Establishment versus free exercise and free speech concerns.
The interdisciplinary series examines the effects of digitization on existing media, forms of communication, educational institutions, media markets and the use of media in the population at large. The series also highlights the changes taking place in social, cultural, political, economic and legal spheres. Its aim is to create a critical record of this new cultural potential and its creative opportunities and to study them in depth.
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[extract] With the dawn of the Enlightenment, and the influence of writers such as John Locke and Thomas Paine, the concept of Divine Right fell into disrepute, and an entirely new conception of government and governmental authority began to emerge. In the United States, this new approach was reflected in the U.S. Declaration of Independence which implicitly rejected the concept of Divine Right, and declared the primacy of democratic principles: "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed."Over the centuries, democratic governance and the concept of the "consent of the governed," have come to include two essential elements. First, a free and democratic society must include, and be premised upon, the right to freedom of expression. If the citizenry is free to decide who they will vote for, and which ideas or propositions they will support and promote, they must be free to communicate their ideas with each other, and to attempt to persuade others regarding their preferred candidates and positions. Second, the people must have access to information regarding the functioning of government. It is difficult to participate meaningfully in the democratic process, or to make democratic institutions accountable, when the government conceals information, and starves the public of information regarding its functioning.This article provides a short evaluation of the status of openness and transparency in the United States in the digital era. It begins by tracing the evolution of transparency principles over the last century, mainly from a non-digital perspective. As we shall see, while the U.S. has made significant strides towards creating a government that is more open and transparent, and more consistent with democratic ideals, the U.S. government falls far short of that ideal in important respects. Second, the article examines how digital technologies have enabled the creation of E-Government. ; [extract] À'aube du siècle des Lumières et sous l'influence d'écrivains tels que John Locke et Thomas Paine, le concept du Droit divin est tombé en discrédit, faisant place à l'apparition d'une toute nouvelle conception du gouvernement et de l'autorité gouvernementale. Aux États-Unis, cette nouvelle conception a trouvé sa place dans la Déclaration d'Indépendance américaine qui rejetait de manière implicite le concept du Droit divin et proclamait la suprématie des principes démocratiques : « Les gouvernements sont institués parmi les Hommes, et leurs justes pouvoirs émanent du consentement des gouvernés. »Au fil des siècles, la gouvernance démocratique et le concept du « consentement des gouvernés » en sont venus à incorporer deux éléments essentiels. Premièrement, une société libre et démocratique doit inclure et doit reposer sur le droit à la liberté d'expression. Si tous les citoyens sont libres de décider pour qui voter et quelles idées ou propositions soutenir et promouvoir ; alors ils doivent être libres de faire circuler leurs idées entre eux, et d'essayer de persuader les autres citoyens de leurs points de vue et de leurs candidats préférés. Deuxièmement, le peuple doit avoir accès à l'information relative au fonctionnement du gouvernement. Il est en effet difficile de participer utilement au processus démocratique ou bien de demander aux institutions démocratiques d'être responsables lorsque le gouvernement dissimule des informations et prive le public d'informations sur son fonctionnement.Cet article évalue brièvement l'état de la transparence aux États-Unis à l'ère du numérique. Il débute en retraçant l'évolution des principes de transparence au siècle dernier, en s'attachant principalement à une perspective qui, de fait, ne connait pas le numérique. Comme nous allons le voir, tandis que les États-Unis ont accompli de grandes avancées vers la mise en place d'un gouvernement plus ouvert, plus enclin à la transparence, et plus en accord avec les idéaux démocratiques, le gouvernement américain reste toutefois très éloigné de cet idéal à de multiples égards.
This Essay initially examines the British government's ban on its broadcasting networks that restricts coverage of Northern Ireland organizations, and concludes by making some reflections on the system of judicial review in the United States. Professors Weaver and Bennett note that a comparable ban in the United States probably would be held unconstitutional. In Great Britain, however, the courts lack a similar power of judicial review, leaving the question of the Ban's legitimacy to the political process. While Great Britain enjoys a relatively free society, the authors conclude that government control over the British media poses troubling problems and suggests that the system of judicial review in the United States cannot be said to be unnecessary.
Advocacy of illegal action -- Content-based restrictions on speech -- Special categories of speech -- Other free speech principles -- The press -- Broadcast technology and other forms of "advancing" technology -- Freedom of association -- Student speech -- Government employee speech -- The Establishment clause -- Free Exercise.
