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The multicultural characteristics of students belonging to ethnic minorities in China pose challenges for teachers. Teacher competence in dealing with culturally diverse students has been extensively discussed in international scholarship and referenced by Chinese researchers, but there is limited empirical research on how teacher education programmes in China respond to this challenge and theoretical discussions. Based on content analysis on teacher education programmes and syllabuses, as well as expert interviews with four teacher educators at two teacher education institutions, this study investigates how the cultivation of multicultural competence is incorporated into teacher education programmes, and the external forces that shape it. Drawing on international scholarship on teachers' multicultural competence and Cochran-Smith's framework on external forces influencing multicultural teacher education practices, I argue that the cultivation of teachers' multicultural competence for their future work in ethnic minority education is, to a great extent, missing from teacher education programmes. Furthermore, what pre-service teachers' competence covers, and the external forces that influence how teacher education plays out in practice, are influenced and somewhat determined by the large social, economic and political context as well as the agenda for educational reform in China.

Many earlier studies have assessed Chinese poverty using monetary dimensions, but few have considered the time dimension. This research investigates multidimensional poverty in urban China, using data from the 2013 China Household Income Project, from the standpoints of income and time. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the socioeconomic causes of income poverty, time poverty, and income–constrained time poverty. Empirical results obtained from this study reveal that being a paid female worker or a private enterprise employee and bearing the financial burdens of housing and medical care have significant effects on the probability of being time poor. In addition, workers who have low academic achievement, children, and educational loans are particularly prone to suffering income–constrained time poverty. This study contributes to the assessment of severe poverty situations and suggests an increasing need for working time regulations and more support for less-educated workers in urban China.

The basis of critical thinking foreign language teaching is to regard language as a means to develop higher-order thinking ability. In language teaching, it aims to develop the thinking ability of learners, and to use the language-learning concept of thinking ability in situations beyond language classrooms. It contains a series of principles that reflect this view of language and language teaching, which can be used to support various classroom-operating procedures. Studies have summarized the principles of critical thinking foreign language teaching into 8 items: target, evaluate, routinize, reflect, inquire, fulfill, integrate, and content. This study takes the literature course that requires the highest critical thinking ability in the teaching of German major in universities as an example, and investigates the influence of the most easily neglected evaluation principle on students' learning motivation through quantitative experiments.

AbstractThis paper explores the role of search and financial frictions in the used capital market. A tractable dynamic general equilibrium model with both frictions is developed to account for procyclicality of reallocation and the price of used capital. Both the aggregate productivity shock and the financial shock can generate procyclical reallocation of used capital. Quantitatively, the financial shock accounts for almost all the variation of used capital reallocation. The aggregate productivity shock is more responsible for the variation of the price of used capital as well as variables outside the used capital market.

The German female writer Charlotte Kerner has created a series of works on the theme of science and technology to explore the relationship between people and technology and nature. One of the most striking features of his work is the frequent appearance of the "double" motive. This phenomenon is most evident in the book Blueprint. This article explores the "double" motive in the novel Blueprint from the perspectives of "mother-daughter doubles" and "person-painting doubles". This paper analyzes the aesthetic effect of its performance, and then studies the relationship among the motive, the author's aesthetic strategy and the theme of the work. In addition, it is concluded that "double" is full of dialectical philosophy of opposition and unity. It not only highlights the author's aesthetic strategy of paying attention to the dual combination of character and dialectical movement in character shaping, which makes the character of the character more full and contradictory conflict more intense, but also endues the work with the depth of human nature.

Since the late 1970s, China has experienced remarkable socioeconomic development. The trend towards marketisation and modernisation overturned culturally-rooted lifestyles, and more and more ethnic minorities in China have started to regard their traditional cultures as irrelevant to their livelihoods and future and chosen to move away from them. This poses a threat to the idea of ethnic diversity within the unity of the Chinese nation state. In response, the Chinese government has implemented a series of strategies to integrate ethnic minority culture into modern schooling to maintain cultural heritage. The overall aim of the thesis is to contribute to a critical understanding of how ethnic minority culture is integrated into school practices, inside and outside classrooms; what kinds of challenges in teaching and administration teachers encounter in Chinese ethnic minority regions specifically regarding ethnic Dai and ethnic Tujia; and how pre-service teachers are prepared in present teacher education programmes in ethnic minority areas. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of multicultural education and internal orientalism, this thesis contextualises multicultural education by analysing Chinese acedemic debates on the subject as well as by investigating how political, social and cultural forces influence education for ethnic minorities in Southwest China. The data for this thesis consists of sampled literature on the topic of "education and ethnicity" in Chinese academia for a literature review, as well as empirical data collected using a qualitative approach, including interviews with school teachers and teacher educators, focus group discussions with school teachers and document analysis of teacher education syllabuses. The overall findings show that the major insights of international scholarship on multicultural education since 1970 has not significantly informed on ethnic minority education research in China; the manifestations of ethnic minority culture within the school context are superficial and largely in the form of static cultural artefacts; teachers' practices of integrating cultural content are performed as add-ons; and cultivation of multicultural competence for work in ethnic minority education amongst pre-service teachers is, to a great extent, missing from teacher education programmes.

The sharing economy has been booming in China. Within the sharing economy, the ridesharing sector has been a profit-generating engine. This sector is generally associated with the strikingly rapid and viral rise of major companies. However, there are alternative practices of ridesharing outside of the mainstream sphere constructed by major platforms. This article investigates these alternative practices in a prefectural area in China. They are enabled by the intertwinement of new technology usage and traditional social relations. The way in which local taxi drivers form exclusive groups resembles the differential mode of association proposed by Fei Xiaotong. Therefore, I have coined the term "differentially associated sharing economy" to describe these alternative ridesharing practices. I argue that the intersection of technology usage and traditional social relations enables resistance against platform monopoly as well as restrains the potential of technologies to kinship and friend cliques.

Event extraction is a type of information extraction(IE) that works on extracting the specific knowledge of certain incidents from texts. Nowadays the amount of available information (such as news, blogs, and social media) grows in exponential order. Therefore, it becomes imperative to develop algorithms that automatically extract the machine-readable information from large volumes of text data. In this dissertation, we focus on three problems in obtaining event-related information from news articles. (1) The first effort is to comprehensively analyze the performance and challenges in current large-scale event encoding systems. (2) The second problem involves event detection and critical information extractions from news articles. (3) Third, the efforts concentrate on event-encoding which aims to extract event extent and arguments from texts. We start by investigating the two large-scale event extraction systems (ICEWS and GDELT) in the political science domain. We design a set of experiments to evaluate the quality of the extracted events from the two target systems, in terms of reliability and correctness. The results show that there exist significant discrepancies between the outputs of automated systems and hand-coded system and the accuracy of both systems are far away from satisfying. These findings provide preliminary background and set the foundation for using advanced machine learning algorithms for event related information extraction. Inspired by the successful application of deep learning in Natural Language Processing (NLP), we propose a Multi-Instance Convolutional Neural Network (MI-CNN) model for event detection and critical sentences extraction without sentence level labels. To evaluate the model, we run a set of experiments on a real-world protest event dataset. The result shows that our model could be able to outperform the strong baseline models and extract the meaningful key sentences without domain knowledge and manually designed features. We also extend the MI-CNN model and propose an MIMTRNN model for event extraction with distant supervision to overcome the problem of lacking fine level labels and small size training data. The proposed MIMTRNN model systematically integrates the RNN, Multi-Instance Learning, and Multi-Task Learning into a unified framework. The RNN module aims to encode into the representation of entity mentions the sequential information as well as the dependencies between event arguments, which are very useful in the event extraction task. The Multi-Instance Learning paradigm makes the system does not require the precise labels in entity mention level and make it perfect to work together with distant supervision for event extraction. And the Multi-Task Learning module in our approach is designed to alleviate the potential overfitting problem caused by the relatively small size of training data. The results of the experiments on two real-world datasets(Cyber-Attack and Civil Unrest) show that our model could be able to benefit from the advantage of each component and outperform other baseline methods significantly. ; Ph. D.