Suchergebnisse

Gangs and militias have been a persistent feature of social and political life in Indonesia. During the authoritarian New Order regime they constituted part of a vast network of sub-contracted coercion and social control on behalf of the state. Indonesia's subsequent democratisation has seen gangs adapt to and take advantage of the changed political context. New types of populist street based organisations have emerged that combine predatory rent-seeking with claims of representing marginalised social and economic groups. Based on extensive fieldwork in Jakarta this book provides a comprehensi.

This thesis revises the history of nationalism in modem architecture through a study of the Budapest-based architect Odon Lechner (1845-1914) and the emergence of a Magyar architectural style. By illustrating the impetus for the Kingdom of Hungary's nationalist cultural policy at the tum of the century, the historiographic stakes of an assimilative program like "Magyarization"-the systematic undermining of non-Magyar minority populations' aesthetic, pedagogical, and political sovereignty-are aligned with Hungarian nationalist rhetoric, an imaginary in the making. Odon Lechner's designs for the Museum of Applied Arts and Geological Institute in Budapest reveal a Magyar historical narrative which allows for both regional and international ornamental appropriation. In considering the assimilative aims of Magyarization, contrary developments in design reform between Vienna and Budapest-namely a utilitarian elevation of regional ornamental regimes as opposed to their synthesis, respectively-and the emergence of a civic desire for a national visual language of form, architectural, design-based, and landscape painting projects are recast in light of the programmatic contexts they emerged from. The international or plural emerges as a meaningful and subversive tool in the formation of a Hungarian self-image and in the maintenance of Magyar cultural hegemony in the multiethnic kingdom. Through an assertion of the Austrian architectural theorist Gottfried Semper's (1803-1879) seminal manual for ornamentation, Style in the Tectonic Alts, as a methodological touchstone, vernacular as the primary source for ornament and form serves to elevate sovereign claims embedded throughout Lechner's works, claims about the Hungarian landscape which are further expanded by an exploration of artists working beyond the city upon the land itself.

This article examines the changing nature of organized violence in post- New Order Indonesia. The New Order regime, which ended with the overthrow of Suharto in 1998, employed violence as a central strategy for maintaining political control, both through the state apparatus and via state proxies: criminal and paramilitary groups acting in the state's behalf. In effect, violence and criminality were normalized as state practice. The collapse of the New Order and the resulting fragmentation of its patronage networks have prompted a decline in state-sponsored violence, but at the same time the number of non-state groups employing violence and intimidation as a political, social, and economic strategy has increased. This article looks at this phenomenon of the "democratization" and privatization of organized violence in post-New Order Indonesia via detailed case studies of a number of paramilitary and vigilante groups. While operating in a manner similar to organized crime gangs, each group articulates an ideology that legitimizes the use of force via appeals to ethnicity, class, and religious affiliation. Violence is also justified as an act of necessary rectification rather than direct opposition, in a situation where the state is considered to have failed in providing fundamentals such as security, justice, and employment. (Crit Asian Stud/GIGA)