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During the period 1000-1700 major transformations took place in material culture. Quite simply, more objects were manufactured and used than ever before and many objects travelled across geographic, political, religious, linguistic, class and cultural boundaries. By starting with a focus on past objects, this volume brings together essays from art historians, historians, archaeologists, literary scholars and museum curators to reveal the different disciplinary approaches and methods taken to the study of objects and what this can reveal about transformations in material culture 1000-1700. Contributors: Katherine A. Wilson, Leah R. Clark, Alison M. Leonard, Steven P. Ashby, Michael Lewis, Robert Maniura, Sarah Hinds, Christina Antenhofer, Alexandra van Dongen, Bettina Bildhauer, Julie De Groot, Jennifer Hillman, Ruth Whelan, Christopher Donaldson, Thomas Pickles.

Sustainable basic training in emergency dental care. Moving to Phase 2 - Training the Trainer in East Africa Julie Williams*, School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol Kiaran Weil, Educational Supervisor, HENW Katherine Wilson, Newcastle School of Dental Sciences Background: Bridge2Aid, a charitable organisation based in Tanzania, runs dental volunteer programmes (DVP) , where UK dentists train rural-based health workers (RHW) to provide emergency dental care to their communities. To date 337 workers have been trained and supplied with basic dental kit, once competent. Summary of work: A pilot programme aimed at providing senior Tanzanian district dental officers (DDO) with the skills necessary to train RHWs in emergency dental care, was conducted. A curriculum and assessment programme was developed and delivered by senior Bridge2Aid mentors in 2 phases : - 2-day pedagogical theory and practical training, using video clips and small group teaching - 9-day clinical training delivered to 7 RHWs with one-to-one mentoring by Tanzanian and Bridge2Aid trainers. A further 9-day programme, training 7 more RHWs was conducted to assess trainer skills retention and programme effectiveness. Summary of results: 4 DDOs and 2 Bridge2Aid Trainers successfully provided training for 14 RHWs to Bridge2Aid's standards. Trainers retained sufficient skills to lead the second programme. Feedback was positive from RHWs, patients, trainers and mentors. Discussion: Training the trainers proved effective but it is essential to have full support from local Government to release trainers from clinical duties to attend the course. Conclusion: Despite no previous experience senior dental personnel developed the necessary skills to lead a training programme effectively. Take home messages: Over 75% of the world's population has no access to emergency dental treatment. Emergency dental treatment training for medically qualified rural health workers can provide sustainable access for rural communities.

Objective: We developed a theoretically based taxonomy for classifying shared cognition breakdowns related to teamwork which contribute to fratricide incidents. Background: Fratricide on the battlefield is an inescapable cost of war. A number of technological advancements have been made in terms of combat identification systems to reduce the risk of these incidents. However, fratricide continues to occur at alarming rates. Method: We take a human-centered approach to understanding errors leading to fratricide incidents by focusing on shared cognition. We turn to the literature and provide the theoretical foundations for an error classification taxonomy to improve understanding of why fratricide incidents occur. Results: Based on our review of the literature, we identified a number of problem areas leading to fratricide incidents. However, many of the cited contributing factors were broad terms (e.g., poor coordination) and did little to tell us why the breakdown occurred and where improvements are needed. Therefore, we chose to focus on one specific area — teamwork breakdowns — and discuss in depth how these breakdowns contribute to fratricide. Conclusion: In this paper, we take a first step toward proposing a taxonomy that allows for the diagnostic assessment of what causes teamwork breakdowns in fratricide. We understand that a taxonomy is only as good as the data available and encourage richer case studies from which to learn. Application: To apply this taxonomy in an operational setting, we provide a set of behavioral markers that can be used to identify teamwork breakdowns on the battlefield.

The aviation community has invested great amounts of money and effort into crew resource management (CRM) training. Using D. L. Kirkpatrick's (1976) framework for evaluating training, we reviewed 58 published accounts of CRM training to determine its effectiveness within aviation. Results indicated that CRM training generally produced positive reactions, enhanced learning, and promoted desired behavioral changes. However, we cannot ascertain whether CRM has an effect on an organization's bottom line (i.e., safety). We discuss the state of the literature with regard to evaluation of CRM training programs and, as a result, call for the need to conduct systematic, multilevel evaluation efforts that will show the true effectiveness of CRM training. As many evaluations do not collect data across levels (as suggested by D. L. Kirkpatrick, 1976, and by G. M. Alliger, S. I. Tannenbaum, W. Bennett, Jr., & H. Traver, 1997), the impact of CRM cannot be truly determined; thus more and better evaluations are needed and should be demanded.

Objective: This review provides the state of crew resource management (CRM) training evaluations since the E. Salas, C. S. Burke, C. A. Bowers, and K. A. Wilson (2001) review and extends it to areas beyond aviation cockpits. Some critical evaluation needs in CRM training are also covered. Background: Because of the purported success of CRM training in aviation, other high-consequence domains have begun to implement CRM training for their workforces. However, the true impact of CRM training in aviation and these other domains has yet to be determined. Method: Using D. L. Kirkpatrick's (1976) framework for evaluating training (i.e., reactions, learning, behavior, and organizational impact), we reviewed 28 published accounts of CRM training to determine its effectiveness within aviation, medicine, offshore oil production and maintenance, shipping/maritime, and nuclear power domains. Results: Findings indicate that CRM training generally produced positive reactions from trainees; however, the impact of training on learning and behavioral changes suggest mixed results across and within domains. Furthermore, and as was found by Salas, Burke, et al. in 2001, we cannot ascertain whether CRM has had an impact on the organization's bottom line (i.e., safety). Conclusion: Based on the results, there are several critical needs that the CRM training community must address before CRM training can have the desired impact on safety: a mandate, access to data, and resources. Application: As CRM training expands to organizations beyond aviation, it is critical that its impact be understood such that it can be improved and achieve the intended results.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine maximum forces during syringe use for different grips found in the field. Background: Prolonged syringe use in chemotherapy drug delivery is associated with pain and injury in nurses and technicians. Method: Twenty healthy female hospital workers generated isometric maximum voluntary force using a 30 cc syringe with four pinch grips (chuck, chuck variation, thenar, two-handed). Both dominant and nondominant hands were used with the syringe plunger fixed in wide (8.3 cm) and narrow (2.5 cm) grip spans. Participants were encouraged to position the apparatus in the most comfortable position and exert a maximal effort for 5 seconds. Results: Significant interaction effects were found: Grip Span × Pinch Type, Hand × Pinch Type, and Grip Span × Hand × Pinch Type ( p < .05). The results demonstrated that the thenar (103.6 ± 22.9 N) and two-handed (104.7 ± 17.1 N) pinches produced the highest forces. Conclusion: Thenar and two-handed pinch grips may be the preferred pinch type to lower the relative efforts required to use a syringe and may be one strategy to assist with reduction of musculoskeletal disorder risk associated with syringe use. Application: Determining maximal syringe press forces allows workers and ergonomists to develop better strategies for managing the cumulative loads during drug delivery and mixing.

We investigated outcomes of Dads Tuning In to Kids, a new seven‐session group program targeting paternal emotion‐socialization practices, which are related to children's social and emotional functioning. In a randomized control trial with 162 fathers of children between 3 and 6 years of age, intervention fathers (n = 87) and waitlist control fathers (n = 75) completed questionnaires at baseline (pre‐program) and 10 weeks later (post‐program). Compared to control fathers, intervention fathers statistically increased in empathy, encouragement of emotion expression, and parenting efficacy, and decreased in emotion‐dismissing beliefs, dismissive reactions to children's negative emotions, and hostile parenting responses. They also reported improved child behavior. These findings offer preliminary support for this program for fathers.

AbstractFathers play an important role in shaping their children's emotional competence although most literature has focused on the influence of mothers. Dads Tuning in to Kids (Dads TIK) is a parenting program that teaches fathers to coach their children in learning about emotions, while also helping fathers increase awareness and regulation of their own emotions. A randomized controlled efficacy trial of Dads TIK was conducted with a community sample of 162 fathers of a 4‐year‐old child attending preschool in Melbourne, Australia. Those allocated to the intervention attended a seven‐session manualized group program. Questionnaires were completed by fathers, the fathers' partners and the children's teachers at baseline and 6‐month follow‐up. Results were that fathers in the intervention condition but not control condition reported significant increases in emotion socialization, parenting satisfaction and efficacy, and reductions in their children's difficult behaviors. Partners of fathers in the intervention condition reported reductions in their own emotion dismissing parenting and improvements in psychological well‐being. Partners and teachers reported significant improvements in children's behavior across both intervention and control conditions. These findings suggest a father‐focused program appears to lead to changes in fathers' emotion socialization skills that may have benefits for partners' functioning and children's behavior.

Increased variability in weather and sea ice conditions due to climate change has led to high rates of injury, trauma, and death for Inuit travelling on the sea ice. Contributing to these high rates are the ongoing effects of colonial policies that diminish and disrupt the intergenerational transfer of sea ice Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ). Despite these challenges, place-based experiential IQ continues to be the most important information source for safe travel on the sea ice. This paper presents an Inuit-led, coproduced, cross-cultural research project in which Inuit youth documented and mobilized sea ice IQ in Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), Nunavut for safe community sea ice travel. We outline the Inuit youth training to facilitate the terminology and participatory mapping workshops and to document this IQ. We also discuss the IQ that was most important to share, and the mapping and artistic methods used to mobilize this IQ into a booklet, maps, and posters. Inuktitut sea ice terms are the foundation to enable youth with the skills to learn about sea ice IQ with experienced hunters. IQ enables Inuit to interpret and synthesize information from weather forecasts, earth observations, and community-based monitoring to apply to local conditions. Seasonal IQ maps of safe and hazardous sea ice conditions provide travel planning information at spatial and temporal scales that supplemental information sources cannot address. The IQ products mobilize preparedness, situational awareness, navigation, and interpretation skills so Inuit youth can become more self-reliant, as access to technology is not always possible once out on the sea ice. ; La fluctuation accrue des conditions météorologiques et de l'état de la glace de mer découlant du changement climatique se traduit par des taux plus élevés de blessures, de traumatismes et de décès chez les Inuits se déplaçant sur la glace de mer. À cela s'ajoutent les effets permanents des politiques coloniales qui amenuisent et perturbent le transfert intergénérationnel de l'Inuit ...

The Working Group on Technology Integration for Fishery-Dependent Data (WGTIFD) met in Copenhagen, Denmark, 7-9 May 2019 for its first meeting in its three-year multi-annual cycle. WGTIFD has diverse membership including technology service providers, academic and governmental marine institutions, and non-profit environmental organizations, across a wide range of EU, US, and Canadian fisheries. The WGTIFD's primary objective is to examine the electronic tools and applications that are used to support fisheries-dependent data collection, both on shore and at sea, including electronic reporting, electronic monitoring, positional data systems, and observer data collection. The primary objectives of the first meeting were to inventory and review the various national fisheries dependent hardware and software applications and approaches (ToR A); define and agree on consistent vocabulary on electronic technologies (ToR B); and report on developments in machine learning and computer vision technologies and their applications in fisheries dependent data collection (ToR E). The working group was able to develop a common vocabulary of terms that can be used within the ICES community, and conducted a survey of WGTIFD participants on their experience in implementing technology for monitoring and reporting programs, and their views on strategies and incentives to engage stakeholders. This Year 1 report provides a fairly robust assessment on the available electronic technologies and how they're being used in fisheries around the world, the successes and challenges with implementing these tools, and some of the existing applications for using machine learning for processing data in fisheries. WGTIFD also started to examine the risks and benefits of different technologies (ToR C), but does not make a full assessment or recommendation at this time. The same can be said for how to integrate data from technologies (ToR D). These topics will be examined in Year 2 and will be fully reported at the end of the multi-annual cycle. Many technologies in fisheries are relatively new, compared with traditional data collection programs, and the working group itself is new, making it difficult to determine the reach and impact of the Year 1 report. However, technology-based programs appear to be developing and expanding rapidly, and interest in future work of the group is growing too, so it is expected that the findings will have greater impact over time. Additionally, the intial work was intentional for developing a baseline of tools and vocabulary, and it is expected that work in Year 2 on exploring trade-offs of technologies and how the data is used, will be of more interest and to a wider audience. WGTIFD will be meeting in Galway, Ireland May 11-15, 2020 to expand their work.