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This paper draws together evidence from a number of studies on the impacts of natural resource devolution policies in several Asian and southern African countries from the perspective of local people. Devolution outcomes are assessed in terms of who has greater benefits and decision-making authority. Factors that have influenced the devolution process are also examined. (Nat Resour Perspect/DÜI)

Le présent rapport donne un aperçu des pratiques actuelles, des dé s et des opportunités liés à la Mesure, la Déclaration et la Véri cation (MDV) des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), ainsi que de la réduction des émissions par les pays en développement dans le cadre de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques. La MDV des émissions de GES de l'élevage est pertinente pour les raisons suivantes : i) la production animale contribue de manière signi cative aux émissions mondiales de GES ; ii) la part des émissions de GES de l'élevage dans les émissions agricoles a crû au l du temps ; et iii) une meilleure caractérisation des émissions de GES de l'élevage peut aider les décideurs à cibler et concevoir des efforts en vue de réduire ces émissions. Etant donné que les politiques nationales d'atténuation de l'impact des changements climatiques mettent de plus en plus l'accent sur les cibles de la réduction des GES dans les Contributions Déterminées au niveau National, ce rapport évalue la mesure dans laquelle les pratiques actuelles en matière de MDV peuvent répondre aux besoins stratégiques évolutifs. Le rapport décrit les obligations liées à la MDV au titre de la CCNUCC (Chapitre 2), les pratiques actuelles en matière de collecte de données et de déclaration des émissions de GES de l'élevage dans le cadre des inventaires nationaux de GES (Chapitre 3) et la MDV des mesures d'atténuation (Chapitre 4). En outre, il présente les possibilités d'amélioration (Chapitre 5). ; This report is also available in: ; English: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/89335 ; Spanish : http://hdl.handle.net/10568/93127 ; A summary brief is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/80890

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture comprise 10-12% of anthropocentric global emissions; and 76% of the agricultural emissions are generated in the developing world. Landscape GHG accounting is an effective way to efficiently develop baseline emissions and appropriate mitigation approaches. In a 9,736-hectare case study area dominated by rice and wheat in the Karnal district of Haryana state, India, the authors used a low-cost landscape agricultural GHG accounting method with limited fieldwork, remote sensing, and biogeochemical modeling. We used the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model software to simulate crop growth and carbon and nitrogen cycling to estimate net GHG emissions, with information based on the mapping of cropping patterns over time using multi- resolution and multi-temporal optical remote sensing imagery. We estimated a mean net emission of 78,620 tCO2e/yr (tons of carbon dioxide equivalents per year) with a 95% confidence interval of 51,212-106,028 tCO2e/yr based on uncertainties in our crop mapping and soil data. A modeling sensitivity analysis showed soil clay fraction, soil organic carbon fraction, soil density, and nitrogen amendments to be among the most sensitive factors, and therefore critical to capture in field surveys. We recommend a multi-phase approach to increase efficiency and reduce cost in GHG accounting. Field campaigns and aspects of remote sensing image characteristics can be optimized for targeted landscapes through solid background research. An appropriate modeling approach can be selected based on crop and soil characteristics. Soil data in developing world landscapes remain a significant source of uncertainty for studies like these and should remain a key research and data development effort. ; European Union ; International Fund for Agricultural Development

This paper draws together evidence from a number of studies on the impacts of natural resource devolution policies in several Asian and southern African countries from the perspective of local people. Devolution outcomes are assessed in terms of who has greater benefits and decision-making authority. Factors that have influenced the devolution process are also examined.

This book reviews the state of agricultural climate change mitigation globally, with a focus on identifying the feasibility, opportunities and challenges for achieving mitigation among smallholder farmers. The purpose is ultimately to accelerate efforts towards mitigating land-based climate change. While much attention has been focused on forestry for its reputed cost-effectiveness, the agricultural sector contributes about ten to twelve per cent of emissions and has a large technical and economic potential for reducing greenhouse gases. The book does not dwell on the science of emissions redu

Moving towards net zero GHG emissions by 2050 is likely a pre-condition for avoiding global warming higher than 1.5˚C by the end of the century. The land-use and agriculture sector can provide close to one third of this global commitment while ensuring food security, farmer resilience, and sustainable development. Protecting soil organic carbon (SOC) and sequestering carbon in organic matter-depleted soils might cost-effectively provide close to 15% of this target and support another 15% from large-scale restoration and implementation of best agronomic practices. Major players across food systems have recognized SOC's potential and are setting up SOC sequestration-based targets to reduce corporate GHG emissions. However, farmer incentives, consumer education for informed choices, and transparent, accurate, consistent, and comparable methods for measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of changes in SOC stocks are lagging behind and preventing large-scale SOC protection and sequestration from fully taking off. Improvements in SOC MRV could be achieved notably through deploying new technologies and enabling standardized protocols at low transaction costs. The development of cost-effective SOC MRV would therefore help to unlock carbon assets and implementation of best agronomic practices at scale. This is especially applicable to developing countries where most of the opportunities to implement improved practices are found. Broadly speaking, developing countries are characterized by limitations in data availability and a lack of technical capacity and infrastructure for implementing and running a robust SOC MRV. In this context, the private sector and international development organizations – such as multilateral development banks (MDBs) – can play a crucial role given their global reach and investment capacity. By reviewing existing SOC MRV protocols and lessons learned from carbon projects that view SOC as a climate benefit and testing them against other projects, this report provides strategic recommendations to the World Bank Group's (WBG) Carbon Markets and Innovation team (CMI) and Agriculture and Food Global Practice (GP) division. The recommendations provide guidance for implementing cost-effective SOC MRV of the WBG's agricultural investments while improving the standardization of processes for creating carbon assets – with the potential to scale across multilateral and international development agencies and governments.

Poverty is a persistent problem throughout Indonesia. With decentralization, local governments had a new direct role in alleviating poverty and local wellbeing. At the same time they could do so in accordance with local realities and development needs. Yet, there is little improvement in the wellbeing of rural people. Local governments may lack the necessary capacity and experience to reduce poverty effectively. This report shows how a local specific monitoring system can be developed and applied. The results of its application in Malinau provides an indicative view of poverty and shows which aspects of wellbeing are in critical condition and where interventions are most urgently needed. The report analyses poverty causes and gives practical recommendations to help local government improve its development planning and poverty reduction.

Many people want to improve the governance of forest areas, yet what is considered good governance is not necessarily self-evident or agreed upon by everyone. This study demonstrates the diversity of views held by communities and government officials in Malinau, Indonesian Borneo about what they consider to be good governance. Each group described how they thought decisions about forests should be made, including how to represent interests, allocate land rights, distribute cash benefits from forests, share information and manage forests. Striking differences of opinion among villagers and officials suggest the need for more dialog and discussion about how to coordinate decision-making in Malinau. The results suggest a more general conclusion that defining "good governance" requires an understanding of local contexts and the participation of different groups in determining jointly held principles.

Indonesia's 1999–2004 decentralization reforms created opportunities for land-use planning that reflected local conditions and local people's needs. We report on seven years of work in the District of Malinau in Indonesian Borneo that attempted to reconnect government land-use plans to local people's values, priorities, and practices. Four principles are proposed to support more interactive planning between government and local land users: Support local groups to make their local knowledge, experience, and aspirations more visible in formal land-use planning and decision making; create channels of communication, feedback, and transparency to support the adaptive capacities and accountability of district leadership and institutions; use system frameworks to understand the drivers of change and resulting scenarios and trade-offs; and link analysis and intervention across multiple levels, from the local land user to the district and national levels. We describe the application of these principles in Malinau and the resulting challenges.

This paper evaluates the impacts of natural resource devolution policies in several Asian and southern African countries from the perspective of local people. Devolution outcomes are assessed in terms of who has greater benefits and decision-making authority. We also examine the factors that have influenced the devolution process. We conclude that: Most devolved NRM reflects some continuation of central government control and management over natural resources rather than a genuine shift in authority to local people. The ways in which local people realise the benefits of devolution differ widely and negative trade-offs, most felt by the poor, are common. States, communities and other stakeholders have different visions of devolution and its mode of implementation. A shared framework, more accountable to local livelihood needs and people's rights to self-determination, is required. Redefining issues of wider 'public interest' forms part of this process. Organisational models that devolve authority directly to disadvantaged resource users are more embracing of local interests and priorities than those that allocate control to higher levels of social organisation. More powerful actors in communities tend to manipulate devolution outcomes to suit themselves. Checks and balances need to be in place to ensure that benefits and decision-making do not become controlled by elites. Strong local organisational capacity and political capital enhance outcomes for local people by enabling them to mobilize resources and negotiate for better benefits. NGOs, donors, federations and other external actors have a key role in moving devolution policy and practice towards local interests.

CIFOR's research in the Bulungan Model Forest in Bulungan, East Kalimanatan took the form of a systematic investigation into ways of achieving forest sustainability in a large forest landscape with diverse, rapidly changing and often conflicting land-use demands. The integrated approach to research was applied to research on reduced impact logging, biodiversity of the area by using multidisciplinary methods across the landscape, forest people's dependency on forest products particularly on economic dependencies, and coordination and agreement in boundary negotiation among local communities, government and the private sectors. A brief report on the results of these researches is presented in this chapter.

Adaptive management has become increasingly common where natural resource managers face complex and uncertain conditions. The collaboration required among managers and others to do adaptive management, however, is not always easy to achieve. We describe efforts to work with villagers and government officials in Malinau, East Kalimantan Indonesia, where a weak, uncertain institutional setting and complex shifting political landscape made formal cooperation among these groups for forest management problematic. Through successive trials, the team learned instead to work with and enhance a "spontaneous order" of cooperation using four tactics: (1) continuous physical presence, (2) regular contact with the people who advised and were close to major decision makers, (3) maintenance of multiple programs to fit the needs of different interest groups, and (4) hyperflexibility in resource allocation and schedules.