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Abstract
Before discussing in detail Jean Charles-Brun's political engagement with the movement to educate the working class in France and his attempt to find a middle path through the political controversies of his day, this chapter looks at his views on feminism. The fine balance in Charles-Brun's feminism may be seen as a microcosm of his views on relations between the classes. His notion of women and their role in society were firmly situated within his Catholicism. Charles-Brun's earliest comments on gender issues were clearly conservative, and his feminism was underpinned by his vision of a religion engaged with social reality. The quest for reconciliation was such a fundamental part of Charles-Brun's thinking that it is hardly surprising to find him active on behalf of the moderate syndicalist organisations and other groups that sought to build social harmony through working class education. Charles-Brun's engagement with politics between 1906 and 1909 demonstrates that he situated his belief in regionalism firmly within the context of republicanism and its renewal.

Abstract
Action was central to the ideas of the Belle Époque regionalists in France. The initial projects of the Fédération Régionaliste Française (FRF) exceeded Jean Charles-Brun's hopes. He declared in the Action régionaliste that the number of journals that had taken note of the congresses of 1900 and 1901 was impressive: judging this by the standard of his own experiences in the Sillon, the Cahiers occitans, or the Félibrige, Jean Charles-Brun was right. FRF had taken up the mantle of the existing campaign for decentralisation and provided a link between the different regionalist groups. Nevertheless, after the initial burst of enthusiasm the FRF had to find better practices and seek out new personnel. There were two phases of realignment when the regionalists, aware that they were in danger of lapsing into a bourgeois discussion group with little purchase on public opinion, attempted to push the movement forward with new vigour. One important critique of the FRF prior to World War I was led by the politician and future ambassador Jean Hennessy.

We present and estimate a model of competition in a two-sided market: the market for magazine readership and advertising. Using data on magazines in Germany, we find evidence that magazines have properties of two-sided markets. The results are consistent with the perception that prices for readers are "subsidized" and magazines make most of their money from advertisers. Consistent with advertisers valuing readers more than readers value advertisements, our results imply that higher demand or lower costs on the reader side increase ad rates, but that higher demand or lower costs on the advertising side decrease cover prices.

AbstractWe model dynamic competition between firms which improve their products through learning from customer data, either by pooling different customers' data (across‐user learning) or by learning from repeated usage of the same customers (within‐user learning). We show how a firm's competitive advantage is affected by the shape of firms' learning functions, asymmetries between their learning functions, the extent of data accumulation, and customer beliefs. We also explore how public policies toward data sharing, user privacy, and killer data acquisitions affect competitive dynamics and efficiency. Finally, we show conditions under which a consumer coordination problem arises endogenously from data‐enabled learning.

AbstractWe provide a model in which consumers search for firms directly or through platforms. Platforms lower search costs but charge firms for the transactions they facilitate. Platform fees raise the possibility of showrooming, in which consumers search on a platform but then switch and buy directly to take advantage of lower direct prices. In settings like this, search platforms like Booking.com have adopted price parity clauses, requiring firms to offer their best prices on the platform, arguing this is needed to prevent showrooming. However, despite allowing for showrooming in our model, we find that price parity clauses often harm consumers.