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The article reviews a family of multilevel models that can be used to build general theories of the nonprofit sector that are still sensitive to variations in context. The comparative study of the nonprofit (or nongovernmental) sector presents formidable challenges to social scientists who are attempting to advance theory on the sector. Ostensibly, the goal is to model and test theories that are generalizable. Yet, as scholars study topics such as volunteerism, donations, governance, management, advocacy, accountability, and the like in different political, economic, and cultural contexts, they often find different patterns across cases. After reviewing the issues and introducing the idea that time (or more specifically events) can be thought of as context as well, we present an analytical approach for doing comparative research using the framework of hierarchical linear modeling.

The development of Central Asian society is a complex process characterized by contact and communication,conflict and conflation between different ethnic groups and all sorts of cultures. With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Central Asia once more came to the front of interaction between many cultures and social forces in the global stage. On the development road of Central Asian societies, surely there will be many cultures and social forces converged. The collision of these factors will forcefully influence the political, economic and social directions of Central Asia area, and deduct an either visible or invisible, could-sustained-to-future communication or contest. What's more, with the high-tech (including advanced military equipment) changing with each passing day and the continuous impingement of economic globalization, military confrontation is possible during the peaceful communication of all sorts of cultures and social forces. Obviously, in Central Asia there exists not only amalgamated and assimilated indigenous cultures and social forces of ancient Central Asian nationalities, but also newcomers , such as western culture,Islamic culture、Russian culture and Chinese culture . Hence, when the native cultures and forces communicated and merged with each other, there will also be communication and dialogue, contest and dispute between native cultures and alien cultures. Because of the difference and intercross of these influences, peaceful cultural spreading and communication will coexist with non-peaceful contest and clash at the same time. we are sure that the conflict between different cultures, i.e. indigenous Turki-Islamic-Russia element, and non-native Russian culture、the Islamic culture and the western culture will last a long time in the Central Asian area. As an attributing center, Central Asia will be under the influence of these major cultures and social forces for a long time. Also it will be a long and step by step process for China to maneuver its influence. Due to geopolitical advantage, this influence will be unavoidable. Simoutanieously, Central Asia society will develop quicker and stronger under these pressures, finally improves its own competence in the modern world. Key Words: Contemporary Central Asian Society, cultures and social forces Résumé: Pendant le processus du développement de la société de l'asie central (la société après l'effondrement de L'URSS ), les facteurs internes et externes de la culture turque , islamique et russe et occidentale se mesurent , s'intègrent et s'opposent . La société de l'asie central , en tant que centre de diffusion de toutes les forces culturelles , restera pendant longtemps sous l'influence de ces quelques forces culturelles . La mise en fonction de la culture chinoise à l'asie central sera un processus long et progressif . De même , la société de l'asie central sera trempée sous l'inflence et la pression de diverses forces culturelles de l'extérieur , et ainsi améliore-t–elle rapidement ses propres capacités de survie et de compétition dans le future développement du monde . Mots- clés: la société moderne de l'asie central, la force externe de la culture 摘 要:在現代中亞社會(蘇聯解體後的中亞社會)的發展進程中,本土的突厥語諸民族文化、伊斯蘭文化、俄羅斯文化等因素和三者的結合體突厥語諸民族-伊斯蘭-俄羅斯文化因素,以及非本土的俄羅斯文化、伊斯蘭文化、西方文化和突厥語諸民族文化等因素將在很長一段時間內扭結、較量和衝突在一起。作為各種文化力量的集散地,中亞社會因此將在較長時期內處於這幾大文化力量的影響當中。而中國文化在中亞發揮作用將是一個長期的、漸進的過程。同樣,中亞社會將在這諸多外部文化力量的影響和擠壓下使自己得到鍛煉,從而迅速提高自身在未來全球發展中的生存和競爭能力。 關鍵詞: 現代中亞社會;外部文化力量

AbstractIn the past two years, the issuance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports has become an important nonprofit practice of enterprises in China. As of April 2008, over eighty enterprises in China in industries such as biochemical and energy, food and beverage, computers, finance and insurance, and automotive had released CSR (or equivalent) reports. Using SustainAbility's indicator system, the paper evaluates CSR reports issued by enterprises in China between May 2007 and April 2008. The paper finds reports' descriptions of management and performance to be quite good, but that reports failed to give enough information about governance and strategy, data availability, audits, and other aspects. Furthermore, we discovered that the current indicator system, while able to evaluate the quality of reports in form, falls short of truly evaluating their contents. Thus, a new indicator system must be devised to allow an overall assessment of the content of reports.

How do civic organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area straddle the paradox of challenging entrenched inequalities in an ostensibly progressive region that has been transformed by tech-driven wealth? Local nonprofits face the tension of maintaining access to elite resources while building connections to distribute those resources and navigate divides between the haves and have-nots. We draw on original data collected over the course of two decades on a representative sample of Bay Area nonprofit organizations. With rich information from both quantitative and qualitative data, we examine different aspects of nonprofits' relationship to their constituents and environments, including their community embeddedness, cross-sector collaborations, and engagement in advocacy. We then turn to the internal operations of these organizations and survey the professional backgrounds of nonprofit leaders and the usage of practices that purportedly make nonprofits more professional, accountable, and digitally savvy. Our findings reveal a sector that is developing its own model of what community-directed management looks like, neither tethered strictly to a Left Coast ethos nor displaying uniform responses to strong institutional pressures. Although the Bay Area sector pursues heterogeneous approaches to repairing social ruptures, there is a consistent theme of rebuilding and re-creating community. We argue that the region's diversity in values, practices, and orientations stems from fighting deep fractures that resist simple solutions in a place marked by paradox.

Bicycling is an alternative of urban transport mode, which is significantly influenced by land use. This paper makes an effort to quantify the magnitude and direction of the impact. We first develop a theoretical framework to establish links between land use and bicycle usage. Then, trip data is crawled from Mobike, one of the largest newly emerging, free-floating bike sharing operators in Shenzhen (China), for a total of more than 7.8 million records over 191 consecutive days. And bicycling frequency, travel duration, and riding distance are obtained to be proxies of bicycle usage. Land-use characteristics regarding bicycling are comprehensively indicated by a set of standardized variables including three dimensions, land-use type, land-use mix, land-use connections, and 12 concrete indices. Panel spatial model is applied to quantify the associations at the district level with socioeconomics controlled. Results show that the percentage of green land has a remarkable impact on bicycle usage outcomes and land-use mix is positively associated with bicycling frequency. Density of intersections contributes to longer trip duration. Bicycle lane is a positive facilitator on workdays, while the number of stations is positively related to bicycle usage, especially frequency and distance. These findings provide insight into land use-transport interaction and could be of value to policymakers, planers and practitioners for transport planning while incorporating bicycling-friendly principles.

An efficient method combining liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in tandem mode with negative ion detection was described for the qualitative analysis of flavonoids in sugarcane juice. The analyses were carried out on a Shim-pack C18 column (150mm×4.6mmI.D.,5µm), with a mobile phase composed by methanol: 5% aqueous acetic acid by linear gradient elution (0–20min, methanol 15–25%; 20–60min, methanol 25–33%; 60–90min, methanol 33–48%). Nine phenolic compounds were identified on the basis of their mass spectra in full scan mode and the pattern of their fragmentation. The diagnostic fragmentation patterns of the compounds during collision induced dissociation (CID) elucidated structural information of the compounds analysed. This is the first time that vitexin-rhamnosyl glucoside (8-glucopyranosyl-7-[6-O-(6-deoxy-mannopyranosyl)-glucopyranosyl]-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one) has been detected or identified in sugarcane juice.