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AbstractRecent studies have linked ambient air pollution to depression. Anhedonia is a core symptom of depression which severely impacts on prognosis. The present study aims to investigate the association of PM2.5 and PM10 exposure with anhedonia in depressed patients. A total of 538 patients with depression who were hospitalized at the Fourth People's Hospital of Hefei between June 2017 and December 2021 were included. We estimated ambient particulate matters exposure, including PM2.5 and PM10, using a satellite-based spatiotemporal model at a resolution of 1 km2. The revised Physical Anhedonia Scale (RPAS) and the revised Social Anhedonia Scale (RSAS) were evaluated. The association of ambient particulate matters and anhedonia was examined using multiple linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. We observed that exposure to PM2.5 were significantly associated with increased RSAS score and RPAS score, with the major effect in the 12-month exposure window (β = 1.238; 95%CI, 0.353, 2.123) and 18-month exposure window (β = 1.888; 95%CI, 0.699, 3.078), respectively. Meanwhile, PM10 levels were also significantly associated with increased RSAS score and RPAS score, with the major effect in the 18-month exposure window (β = 1.220; 95%CI, 0.439, 2) and 3-month exposure window (β = 1.602; 95%CI, 0.062, 3.143), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that both PM2.5 and PM10 were significantly associated with anhedonia in females, patients < 40 years old, low family income group, and those who had a higher educational level. Our study suggests that long-term PM2.5 and PM10 exposure are associated with more severe anhedonia in patients with depression. These associations were different in subgroup by age, gender, family income, and educational level.

Abstract
Accelerated global urban expansion not only directly occupies surrounding ecosystems, but also induces cascading losses of natural vegetation elsewhere through cropland displacement. Yet how such effects alter the net primary productivity (NPP) worldwide remains unclear. Here, we quantified the direct and cascading impacts of global urban expansion on terrestrial NPP from 1992 to 2020, and projected the impacts under the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) framework by 2100. We found that global urban expansion caused a cascading loss of 7.2 to 44.6 Tg C/year of terrestrial NPP in the historical period (1992-2020), accounting for 3-20% of the total direct NPP loss. Instead, our projections indicate that during 2020-2100, mainly due to the increased relocation of displaced croplands to low-productive ecosystems, the cascading impacts gradually change from negative to positive, leading to a net NPP increase. Such an increase may offset up to 7% of the total direct NPP loss, better balancing crop compensation with NPP maintenance. Our findings highlight the unexpected large cascading impacts of urban expansion on the carbon cycle and stress the importance of regulating land transitions to curtail land use emissions.

Jian Huang,1,* Yun Yang,1,* Yong Xia,2,* Fu-Chen Liu,1,* Lei Liu,1 Peng Zhu,1 Sheng-Xian Yuan,1 Fang-Ming Gu,1 Si-Yuan Fu,1 Wei-Ping Zhou,1 Hui Liu,1 Bei-Ge Jiang,1 Ze-Ya Pan1 1The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 201805, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Mengchao Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201805, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ze-Ya Pan; Bei-Ge Jiang No. 700, MoYu North Road, Jiading, Shanghai, People's Republic of ChinaTel +86-13391236437; +86-13764561303Email hjluffy@126.com; jiang_beige@aliyun.comPurpose: To predict patient survival in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following hepatic resection. We evaluated the prognostic potential of the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) in order to use it to model a nomogram.Patients and Methods: We randomized 901 early-stage HCC patients treated with hepatic resection at our center into training and validation cohorts that were followed from January 2009 to December 2012. X-tile software was used to establish the APRI cut-off threshold in the training cohort. The validation cohort was subsequently assessed to determine threshold value accuracy. Data generated from the multivariate analysis in the training cohort were used to design a prognostic nomogram. Decision curve analyses (DCA), concordance index values (C-index) and calibration curves were used to determine the performance of the nomogram.Results: X-tile software revealed that the optimal APRI cut-off threshold in the training cohort that distinguished between patients with different prognoses was 0.9. We, therefore, validated its prognostic value. Multivariate analyses showed that poor overall survival was associated with APRI above 0.9, blood loss of more than 400 mL, liver cirrhosis, multiple tumors, tumor size greater than 5 cm, microvascular invasion and satellite lesions. When the independent risk factors were integrated into the prognostic nomogram, it performed well with accurate predictions. Indeed, the performance was better than comparative prognosticators (P< 0.05 for all) with 0.752 as the C-index (95% CI: 0.706– 0.798). These results were verified by the validation cohort.Conclusion: APRI was a noninvasive and accurate predictive indicator for patients with early-stage HCC. Following hepatic resection to treat early-stage HCC, individualized patient survival predictions can be aided by the nomogram based on APRI.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic resection, survival, nomogram, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index, APRI