Suchergebnisse

Water is currently an essential and strategic resource for society and its importance will rise in the future due to the increasing number of threats. However, water management is not currently up to par taking into consideration this well acknowledged importance. Generally speaking, water use is not efficient and loss figures are often too high. The reasons behind this situation are complex and diverse, however, in principle, they can be divided into four categories: cultural, political, social and economic. Since the latter are of most importance, this paper focuses on water costs from source to tap. The economic analysis presented quantifies the costs of a sustainable urban water service in a structured way. The second part of the paper present a case study in which the economic losses linked to leakage are assessed as a function of how expenses are recovered. The cost of apparent losses could also be assessed in a similar way and will always be higher, since apparent losses (unlike real ones) are present throughout the whole water cycle, thus increasing the unit costs. ; Cabrera Marcet, E.; Pardo Picazo, MA.; Cabrera Rochera, E.; Arregui De La Cruz, F. (2013). Tap water costs and service sustainability, a close relationship. Water Resources Management. 27(1):239-253. doi:10.1007/s11269-012-0181-3 ; S ; 239 ; 253 ; 27 ; 1 ; Almandoz J, Cabrera E, Arregui F, Cabrera Jr E, Cobacho R (2005) Leakage assessment through water networks simulation. J Water Resour Plan Manag ASCE. Nov-Dic. 2005 pp 458–466 ; BDEW (German Association of Energy and Water Industries) (2010) Comparison of European Water and Wastewater Prices German Association of Energy and Water Industries, Bonn ; Cabrera E, Pardo MA, Cobacho R, Arregui FJ, Cabrera Jr E (2010) Energy audit of water networks. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag. ASCE. Nov–Dic. 2010 pp 669–677 ; Coase RH (1960) The problem of social cost. J Law Econ, October 1960 ; den Blanken M (2009) Asset Management. A necessary tool for a modern water company AWWA International Conference on ...

Water is currently an essential and strategic resource for society and its importance will rise in the future due to the increasing number of threats. However, water management is not currently up to par taking into consideration this well acknowledged importance. Generally speaking, water use is not efficient and loss figures are often too high. The reasons behind this situation are complex and diverse, however, in principle, they can be divided into four categories: cultural, political, social and economic. Since the latter are of most importance, this paper focuses on water costs from source to tap. The economic analysis presented quantifies the costs of a sustainable urban water service in a structured way. The second part of the paper present a case study in which the economic losses linked to leakage are assessed as a function of how expenses are recovered. The cost of apparent losses could also be assessed in a similar way and will always be higher, since apparent losses (unlike real ones) are present throughout the whole water cycle, thus increasing the unit costs.

Despite its worldwide popularity, mobile instant messaging (MIM) as a new mode of interpersonal communication has received scant scholarly attention by far. Drawing upon the notion of "connected presence," this study extends related discussions by exploring the patterns of MIM interaction in the management of close relationships. Focusing on WeChat, the most popular MIM in China, this study presents findings based on interviews with young Chinese as WeChat users. This study finds that WeChat's wide functionality enabled multimodal communication in varying situations. Four modes of WeChat interaction were identified: General information exchange, experience articulation, technical support, and sympathetic companionship. The study also analyzes how user construction attaches social meaning to certain communicative practices on WeChat.

This article provides a brief historical review of the centuries of charitable tradition in Russia.

Tinder, as one of the most popular online dating applications, is nicknamed as the hookup app. The negative perceptions inherent among the public were born because of how users in western countries operate the application, which does not follow the norms adopted in Indonesia. Many people assume that most Tinder users are those who are not looking for a long-term romantic relationship. The possibility of getting a partner who will commit to the relationship is not a common idea. This research aims to understand the development process of emotional intimacy and the initiation of a close relationship between Tinder users who have managed to find their partner through the Tinder application and communication mediated by computers (internet). This research uses a qualitative approach. In-depth interviews and Netnographic observations were used as the primary and secondary data collection techniques. This study indicates that although many Tinder users in Indonesia use Tinder similar to how people in western countries do, many users have finally succeeded in building long-term close relationships. Therefore, the perception about small numbers of Tinder users looking for long-term romantic relationships is not accurate.

The article presents a conceptual model of close relationships. Close relationships are a specific and multicomponent phenomenon in the living space of modernity. On the basis of the analysis of sources and rethinking of the data obtained earlier, close relationships are considered as a type of interpersonal relations. It is a meaningful, selective relationship of people aimed at satisfying their need for love and belonging, based on affiliative feelings and attachment. Closeness in relationships is defined as a structural property of the dyad, including the strength, frequency, psychological distance, the variety of interrelationships that exist between people. It is noted that close relationships are set by social roles. Reciprocal roles, for example, parent and child, husband and wife set the initial belonging of these relationships to the category of close, but do not guarantee the presence in them of intimacy as a qualitative characteristic. The invariant (partners' attachment to each other, emotional experiences, psychological distance; value-semantic unity; involvement) categorical attributes of close relationships were identified. The variation signs characterising their main types (romantic, marital, friendship, love, kinship) are described. It is noted that the dynamics conditioned by the totality of factors determines the variety of close relationships – dysfunctional and functional. We understood the limitations and prospects for further developments in this area.