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Mobile donation has gained mainstream media attention since the Haiti Earthquake Relief in 2010. Yet, there is still a lack of research on mobile donation as a new venue of technology-mediated civic engagement. Using nationally representative survey data, this research examines the variations in mobile donation by mobile phone usage patterns and user characteristics such as age, race, and socioeconomic status. Results show that the diversity of mobile phone use and the frequency of relational mobile communication are positively associated with mobile donation. As importantly, mobile donation helps to overcome age, race and SES gaps, giving members of disadvantaged social groups a more accessible tool for civic engagement. Internet donation and mobile donation complement rather than compete with each other.

Transnational alcohol corporations seek to influence public health policies in ways reminiscent of the tobacco industry. Relatively little is known, however, about the extent of such activities in the alcohol sector, particularly their use of political donations. This study analyses data from the UK Electoral Commission on donations and from Transparency International UK on UK Government Ministerial meetings. Further research is needed to establish whether donations contribute to the disproportionate exposure of Ministers to alcohol industry lobbying. However, our combination of data on UK alcohol industry donations with data on lobbying provides important new evidence. Most larger company donors are active in lobbying and a significant minority of companies meeting Ministers are donors.

Organ donation as we all know is a good cause and can save many lives but in a developing country like India it is still not that popular. Although, the rate of donation has been increasing from the past few years but it is still not enough as only 0.01% of people donate their organs after death . The main reason is lack of awareness and this android application is to create awareness among people. This Android application aims at linking the donors or wanting to be donors to the seekers. The donors and the seekers will register through the app by filling the details about themselves and by uploading their medical reports. The donor will have to upload the donor card as well. The phone number will be verified by One Time Password (OTP). All the data is being stored in the Database. Our application mainly fulfils the purpose of urgency of an organ when required by the patient and puts all the functionality and connection between our donor and recipient.

This report aims to determine whether Australia could increase deceased organ donations by requiring citizens to opt-out of these donations ('presumed consent'). This follows Assistant Minister for Health Fiona Nash's recent review into the failure of recent governments to meaningfully improve donations despite significant government investment. Pending its completion, this research explores the growing popularity of opt-out schemes among commentators. In particular, Spain's renowned opt-out system which features the highest deceased organ donation rate in the world is evaluated for its potential emulation in Australia. This research includes both primary and secondary sources. It also utilises both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Quantitative methods were applied during statistical comparisons of overseas policies including typical methods of organ extraction. This data is a secondary source. Primary qualitative research was drawn from Skype interviews with Australian organ specialists. These informants were selected for their proximity to organ donation decisions and knowledge of associated medical practice. Hence, their commentary offered valuable insight. Medical and legal literature was consulted regarding the health practice and legal structure of overseas opt-out systems. Chapter I defines opt-in and opt-out systems while distinguishing opt-out systems which allow a family veto from those which do not. Policy scholarship confirms that opt-out systems typically have higher donation rates and that exceptions to this trend suffered from avoidable policy errors. It then deconstructs the policies comprising the Spanish Model which has the world's highest deceased donation rate. The analysis concludes that Spain's insertion of organ donation specialists into all hospitals nationwide is unique and responsible for much of its success. Hence, its emulation in Australia is recommended. Chapter II then evaluates Australia's compatibility with the Spanish Model. Australia's healthcare resources are comparable with Spain's suggesting they are not problematic. However, Australia's Organ and Transplant Authority is absent from most hospitals unlike its Spanish equivalent. This precludes discussions between donation specialists and potential donors. Further, Australia's constitution does not directly authorise Commonwealth Parliament to regulate hospitals meaning it must rely on state legislatures in order to emulate the Spanish Model. Chapter III examines whether Australian cultural values would tolerate the presumption of consent. Australian polling data demonstrates the broad willingness of Australians to donate that is typically conditioned on their family's preference. However, few Australians discuss donation with their families. Without a clear preference, perhaps few families would feel comfortable assuming the deceased's consent. The chapter also examines donations after circulatory death which often occur before the family can be contacted. It concludes that these donations are more widely accepted in Australia suggesting conduciveness to donations if consent were presumed. This report recommends that Australia's healthcare, legal and cultural attributes are conducive to higher donation rates under an opt-out system. However, it should maintain the family veto of the deceased's donation preferences to preserve trust in the doctor-patient relationship and, indirectly, the merits of donation. Although an opt-out system akin to the Spanish Model is recommended, the Commonwealth Parliament requires the support of state legislatures in order to regulate hospitals.

Malta transposed Directive 2010/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on standards of quality and safety of human organs intended for transplantation (European Parliament and Council, 2010) on 12th October 2012 through Legal Notice 345 of 2012, entitled Organ Transplants (Quality and Safety) Regulations, 2012, Subsidiary Legislation to the Human Blood and Transplants Act (Cap483), enacted in 2006. This long awaited legislation provides a firm legal backing for transplantation services that are structured such as to ensure health and safety to both donor and recipient. The regulations apply to practices and procedures along the entire pathway from donation to transplantation of solid organs, and even beyond, to the collection of post transplant medical data. Malta has a good track record of safe working practices in transplant services. These have been offered since the early 1980's, initially limited to corneal transplants, but soon followed by the first kidney transplant in 1983. Heart transplants are performed once a year, with the first being in 1996. (Transplant Support Group, Malta, 2013) Patients requiring liver transplants are referred to the UK while recently, in 2011, an agreement was reached with Palermo, Sicily for a lung transplant service. (ACCORD, 2012) ; peer-reviewed

An important dimension of party positioning remains largely unexamined—that is, the clarity with which parties present policies to the electorate. Moreover, the effects of private campaign contributions on party positions are also vastly understudied. We address these gaps using a unique new data set on private contributions to political parties in eight Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from the early 1990s to the present. We argue that parties are incentivized to present increasingly ambiguous, or broad appeal, policy positions as a result of increased private campaign contributions. Broad appeal campaigns allow parties to appease their donors with more extreme policy preferences while maintaining the support of their more moderate base supporters. We find support for this argument and show that increasing donations are associated with increased policy ambiguity. Using new data, this article is the first to examine an important connection between political finance and party positioning on a cross-national and time-series basis.

Charitable organizations play a key role in society but face the recurrent challenge of obtaining sufficient resources to accomplish their missions. The regular donor portfolio becomes a critical element in providing stable and long-lasting funding, and its effective management has emerged as a key research area. This study investigates the impact of the donation frequency by regular donors on their donation amount over time. Drawing from temporal reframing literature, we provide an understanding of these effects as well as the moderating role of the motivations to donate (self- vs other-oriented). The study also investigates the extent to which frequency choices are influenced by the motivations to donate and by the donation options presented during registration. Using a sample of regular donors from 2013 to 2019 and applying dynamic panel data techniques, the findings reveal that higher frequencies lead to higher donations, though this effect is strengthened by self-oriented motivations and weakened by other-oriented motivations. Our study shows that motivations to donate and donation options jointly explain donation frequencies. This study provides useful guidance for charities on how to increase regular donors' perceived value and their contributions to help these organizations provide essential services to the most vulnerable groups in society.

The number of private enterprises in China has grown rapidly, and donations from them are an important source of philanthropy in China today. This paper investigates donations given in 2011 by private enterprises using a survey of data covering all 31 provincial-level units of China. The data show that philanthropy practised by Chinese private enterprises is widespread, but the amounts of donations are unequally distributed. Furthermore, donations are positively related to a company's profit and in most cases also to the owner's political participation as expressed in membership in the People's Congress (PC) as well as the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) at different levels. Donating is also positively related to the presence of a branch of the Communist Party of China and a trade union within the firm. In contrast, there is little support for donations being related to the characteristics of the major owner in the business, such as their gender, age, previous employment experience, party membership or to the governance structure or location of the private firms.

When promoting social change, public opinion plays a crucial role regarding the way different groups in society react to the proposed change. In this paper I will discuss how the Theory of Social Representations could inform social marketing campaigns to facilitate change in public opinion. This case study is about changing public opinion towards organ donation and as a result, increasing the number of donor card holders. To do this, formative research was carried out before the campaign. Attitudes towards organ donation were investigated using three data collecting tools: (i) a survey using a quota sample of 400 people; (ii) five focus groups and (iii) interviews with doctors, donor families and recepients. The data colleted from the survey was subjected to statistical analysis including hierarchical log-linear analysis and homogeniety analysis. Transcripts from the focus groups and interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. The survey was repeated four times over a period of ten years to track the change in public opinion regarding organ donation. It was found that public opinion changed partially as a result of the campaign. Some changes was sustained for ten years after the campaign. ; peer-reviewed

The United States has experienced a tragic increase in school shootings in recent years. Despite substantial media attention being paid to such incidents and widespread support for stricter gun control measures, substantial legislative action remains absent, however. To make sense of this puzzle, this paper focuses on the mobilizing responses of gun rights supporters in the aftermath of such events. Using granular data from 225,000 donations to the NRA's political action committee in a difference-in-differences design, this study provides causal estimates showing substantial increases in both donation amounts and donor numbers after school shootings. These results provide insight into the counter-mobilizing responses of the pro-gun political right after shootings. In contrast to the typically transient nature of gun control movements, these counter-mobilizing responses are notably durable. The results of this study have important implications for our understanding of the complexities of, and obstacles to, gun regulation in the United States.

Intro -- ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION -AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS -- Chapter 1: MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF ORGAN DONATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- AVAILABILITY -- ACCESS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: LIVE DONATION AND THE EXPERIENCE OF THE DONOR: A PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTON -- THE DECISION TO DONATE -- THE PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT ON THE LIVING KIDNEY DONOR -- METHOD -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: MOTIVATIONS FOR BEING A LIVING KIDNEY DONOR: A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ALTRUISM -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ALTRUISM FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES -- DOES ALTRUISM REALLY EXIST? -- ALTRUISM AND ORGAN DONATION -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: UNDERSTANDING DECISIONS TO COMMUNICATE ORGAN DONATION WISHES: A NARRATIVE REVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHOD -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: ORGAN DONATION BEHAVIOR: WHY THE SHORTAGE OF ORGANS? -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- A PSYCYHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ORGAN SHORTAGE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6: LOVE IS ALL YOU NEED: ORGAN DONATION IN THE TEACHINGS OF DIFFERENT RELIGIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON ORGAN DONORS -- A UNIFYING ETHICAL PRINCIPLE -- ISLAM AND ORGAN DONATION -- HINDUISM AND ORGAN DONATION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHRISTIANITY AND ORGAN DONATION -- Chapter 7: ILLUMINATING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL FAILURE DIAGNOSIS AND LIVING DONATION CONSIDERATIONS: AN APPLICATION OF GOAL DISRUPTION THEORY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE DISRUPTIVE FORCE OF CHRONIC ILLNESS -- GOAL DISRUPTION THEORY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES.

Organ transplantation improves the quality of life and increases the life expectancy of patients with end- stage organ failure. The Belgian law supports the opting out system to approach possible donors. As a consequence and due to governmental campaigns,the number of brain death donors per million inhabitants in Belgium is amongst the highest in the world. Still patients do not reach transplantation as the number of patients on the waiting list outnumbers the amount of organs available. Therefore alternative sources of organs need to be sought. Living organ donation, splitting of organs… could contribute and diminish the gap between the number of listed and transplanted patients. These sources will not be covered in this document. "Non Heart Beating Donors (NHBD)" or in a more recent and international definition "Donors after Circulatory Death (DCD)" are a potential and additional group of deceased persons, being able to add organs to the pool. DCD describes the recovery of organs for the purposes of transplantation that follows death confirmed using circulatory criteria. This differs in respect with the actual model for deceased donation, which is the donation after the confirmation of death using neurological criteria ("Heart beating donation (HBD)" or "Donation after Brain Death (DBD)"). In the beginning of the era of transplantation, the most of the donors were DCD, whereas later (and due to better outcome), DBD became the standard. Recent re –interest rose in DCD donors, as a consequence of better preservation techniques and a better insight in different categories of DCD donors (the so-called Maastricht classification). In recent literature, more and more data are available that the results after organ (kidney, liver, lung…) transplantation using DCD are acceptable or good. Also in Belgium, different organs were transplanted with DCD donors. Since organ donation is based on a broad platform (general society and professionals), it is important to communicate on this in a transparent and uniform manner. Therefore the Belgian Transplant Council and the Belgian Transplantation Society organized a working group on DCD covering its aspects (Legal and ethical aspects, aspects about retrieval and perfusion, surgical aspects…). This working group consisted out of experts from all universities and university hospitals and from experts of some nonuniversity hospital. This document is the result of several meetings and is the result of a consensus between the experts.

Organ transplantation improves the quality of life and increases the life expectancy of patients with end- stage organ failure. The Belgian law supports the opting out system to approach possible donors. As a consequence and due to governmental campaigns,the number of brain death donors per million inhabitants in Belgium is amongst the highest in the world. Still patients do not reach transplantation as the number of patients on the waiting list outnumbers the amount of organs available. Therefore alternative sources of organs need to be sought. Living organ donation, splitting of organs… could contribute and diminish the gap between the number of listed and transplanted patients. These sources will not be covered in this document. "Non Heart Beating Donors (NHBD)" or in a more recent and international definition "Donors after Circulatory Death (DCD)" are a potential and additional group of deceased persons, being able to add organs to the pool. DCD describes the recovery of organs for the purposes of transplantation that follows death confirmed using circulatory criteria. This differs in respect with the actual model for deceased donation, which is the donation after the confirmation of death using neurological criteria ("Heart beating donation (HBD)" or "Donation after Brain Death (DBD)"). In the beginning of the era of transplantation, the most of the donors were DCD, whereas later (and due to better outcome), DBD became the standard. Recent re –interest rose in DCD donors, as a consequence of better preservation techniques and a better insight in different categories of DCD donors (the so-called Maastricht classification). In recent literature, more and more data are available that the results after organ (kidney, liver, lung…) transplantation using DCD are acceptable or good. Also in Belgium, different organs were transplanted with DCD donors. Since organ donation is based on a broad platform (general society and professionals), it is important to communicate on this in a transparent and uniform manner. Therefore the Belgian Transplant Council and the Belgian Transplantation Society organized a working group on DCD covering its aspects (Legal and ethical aspects, aspects about retrieval and perfusion, surgical aspects…). This working group consisted out of experts from all universities and university hospitals and from experts of some nonuniversity hospital. This document is the result of several meetings and is the result of a consensus between the experts.

Intro -- ORGAN DONATION: SUPPLY, POLICIES AND PRACTICES -- ORGAN DONATION: SUPPLY, POLICIES AND PRACTICES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 ORGAN DONATION: UTILIZING PUBLIC POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY TO STRENGTHEN ORGAN DONOR PROGRAMS* -- BACKGROUND -- CURRENT ACTIVITIES -- FUTURE ACTIVITIES -- Breakthrough Collaboratives -- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) -- Organ Donation Support -- Public and Professional Education Programs -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 2 INFORMATION POLICY, CENSUS, AND NATIONAL ARCHIVES SUBCOMMITTEE, OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM COMMITTEE, "ORGAN DONATION: UTILIZING PUBLIC POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY TO STRENGHTHEN ORGAN DONOR PROGRAMS"∗ -- WHAT IS THE NATIONAL MOTTEP MODEL? -- A 25 YEAR DATA ANALYSIS OF A NATIONAL DONOR EDUCATION PROGRAM -- CADAVERIC DONORS PER 1,000 EVALUABLE DEATHS AND NUMBER OF DONORS BY ETHNICITY AND OPO'S, 1995-1998 -- NATIONAL MOTTEP'S PAST ACCOMPLISHMENTS -- MOTTEP MILESTONES -- I.A. 1991 - 1993 -- I.B. 1993 -1995 -- II. 1995 to 1999 -- Other "Firsts" Accomplishments Include (1993-1995): -- MOTTEP OF HONOLULU - ACCOMPLISHMENTS -- SUMMARY -- Methodolgy -- Results -- CADAVERIC DONORS PER 1,000 EVALUABLE DEATHS AND NUMBER OF DONORS BY ETHNICITY AND OPO'S, 1995-1998 -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 3 TESTIMONY BEFORE THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, INFORMATION POLICY, CENSUS AND NATIONAL ARCHIVES SUBCOMMITTEE, OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM COMMITTEE, "ORGAN DONATION: UTILIZING PUBLIC POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY TO STRENGTHEN ORGAN DONOR PROGRAMS"* -- THE BOTTOM LINE - SUPPLY DOES NOT MEET DEMAND -- EDUCATION AND AWARENESS - PATIENTS & PHYSICIANS -- OUTREACH TO UNDERSERVED PATIENT POPULATIONS -- ADDRESSING DISPARITIES IN SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION -- REMOVING FINANCIAL DISINCENTIVES - FAMILY AND MEDICAL LEAVE POLICIES.