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This paper studies the impact of deep agreements on United Kingdom-European Union trade relations. A standard gravity model is applied to assess the effect that European Union membership had on the United Kingdom's trade. The paper uses new information on the content of trade agreements to build a measure of "depth" based on the number of provisions the agreements cover. The analysis relies on information on goods, services, and value-added trade from the World Input Output Database. Deep trade agreements are found to increase goods and services trade by 42 percent, and value-added trade by 14 percent on average. European Union membership had a particularly strong effect on United Kingdom's services and global value chain trade. Because of its membership, the United Kingdom's services trade more than doubled, and the country's backward and forward participation in global value chains increased by more than 30 percent each. The paper uses these estimates to evaluate the future of United Kingdom-European Union trade under different scenarios. The findings show that United Kingdom-European Union trade declines under all scenarios, ranging between 6 and 28 percent for trade in value added. This drop is sharper (particularly for services and global value chain trade) the lower is the depth of the future arrangement relative to the depth of the European Union agreement. As trade flows adjust slowly to changes in trade costs, these effects are expected to emerge over time. But the trade-off between the depth of trade agreements and trade intensity will delimit policy choices going forward.

The adoption of the Framework Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) at the Islamabad SAARC Summit imparted a major thrust to the movement for regional integration in South Asia. Advantages of an FTA are derived not only from the enlargement of the market and enhanced investment flows but also from measures of deeper integration included in FTAs. These measures include trade facilitation, investment, services, joint development of infrastructure, monetary and financial cooperation, cooperation in science and technology, harmonisation of macro-economic policies, structural changes in production patterns and common strategy for negotiating in international fora and with other regional groupings. The article summarises the measures of deeper integration provided in regional groupings of developing countries. It gives a rough sequencing of such measures along the path of regional integration. Finally, it analyses the scope, significance and prospects of deeper integration in South Asia in selected areas.

The 1963 Ankara agreement established the framework for the relations between Turkey & the European Economic Community. A key intermediate objective was setting up a customs union, which was established in 1996. From a long-term trade perspective the customs union has had a positive impact on EU-Turkey bilateral trade, its growth & its composition. The subsequent pre-accession process has further fostered trade integration, facilitated structural reforms & boosted the country's economic potential. The increasingly close political & economic relations have also promoted stability & growth in the Turkish economy. These positive developments have been linked, however, to the prospects of Turkey's EU accession & could be undermined by uncertainty over the eventual outcome of this process. Adapted from the source document.

This research has three main aims: firstly, to empirically analyse the determinants of different levels of integration by re-examining the evidence presented by Baier and Bergstrand (Journal of International Economics 64(1):29–63, 2004) in the JIE 64 (1); secondly, to analyse the importance of additional factors, in particular socio-political factors; and thirdly, to analyse the dynamics of the EU integration process. The results show that although economic and geographical factors are the most important explanatory factors for the probability of regional integration agreement formation or enhancement, socio-political variables also contribute to explain the formation of regional integration agreements. Democracies and countries with a higher level of economic freedom are more likely to form or enhance RIAs. ; peerReviewed

International audience ; Regional Trade Agreements have emerged in an environment of stalled multilateral tradenegotiations. Although the impact of Regional Trade Agreements on international tradehas been well documented, scant attention has been paid to empirical studies exploringtheir heterogeneity from the point of view of deep integration. We set out to determinewhether deeper Regional Trade Agreements promote trade more effectively than lessambitious ones. We generate credible deep integration indicators using two recentlyavailable datasets from the World Trade Organization and the World Trade Institute. Wethen test the effect of depth on trade using a gravity model. We treat additive indicatorsas factor variables and use multiple correspondence analysis to obtain distilled indicatorsof deep integration to offer new insights and confirm recent deep integration findings.We find that deeper Regional Trade Agreements increase trade more than shallowagreements do, irrespective of whether the provisions they contain are within or beyondthe competence of the World Trade Organization.

International audience ; Regional Trade Agreements have emerged in an environment of stalled multilateral tradenegotiations. Although the impact of Regional Trade Agreements on international tradehas been well documented, scant attention has been paid to empirical studies exploringtheir heterogeneity from the point of view of deep integration. We set out to determinewhether deeper Regional Trade Agreements promote trade more effectively than lessambitious ones. We generate credible deep integration indicators using two recentlyavailable datasets from the World Trade Organization and the World Trade Institute. Wethen test the effect of depth on trade using a gravity model. We treat additive indicatorsas factor variables and use multiple correspondence analysis to obtain distilled indicatorsof deep integration to offer new insights and confirm recent deep integration findings.We find that deeper Regional Trade Agreements increase trade more than shallowagreements do, irrespective of whether the provisions they contain are within or beyondthe competence of the World Trade Organization.