Suchergebnisse

This book offers a much-needed investigation of moral and political issues concerning disability, and explores how the experiences of people with disabilities can lead to reconsideration of prominent positions on normative issues. Thirteen new chapters examine such topics as the concept of disability, the conditions of justice, the nature of autonomy, healthcare distribution, and reproductive choices

The adoption of a single currency was considered one of the most important successes of the effort to unify the countries of the European Union. Obviously, a common currency has indisputable advantages, the most important being that of stimulating trade in countries that have joined the Eurozone. Meanwhile, the euro has several disadvantages, the most important being that the excessive centralization of monetary policy in the European Union. Moreover, the introduction of a single currency generated some disadvantages, which to some extent can be considered drawbacks in terms of efficiency of resource allocation in the European Union countries.

Abstract'Social disadvantage' has many dimensions studied in various ways in the economics of education. Studies focus on its measurement, the characteristics of those experiencing it, its consequences and interventions to remedy some of its effects. Those likely to experience persistent disadvantage include lone parents, Indigenous Australians, people with disabilities and people with low educational attainment. It is children from these families whose educational progress we should closely monitor. Interventions can improve outcomes for disadvantaged children, but such programs need to be evaluated more rigorously in the future, and their evaluations released publicly to provide a sounder basis for future policy.

AbstractMany democratic states provide supports for immigrants who are not fluent speakers of the majority or official language(s). For example, they provide interpreters in courts and hospitals, print administrative forms in multiple languages and employ bilingual staff to provide public services. This paper considers the justification of these policies from the perspective of normative political theory, makes some recommendations about what they ought to consist in and identifies some of their limitations. It argues that instead of appealing to rights, the best justification for these measures has to do with empowering immigrants and enhancing their capabilities. However, although some disadvantages experienced by immigrants for linguistic reasons can be reduced or even eliminated by public policy measures, some important ones cannot. Novel grounds are thus proposed in support of immigrant‐receiving societies having a duty to provide meaningful opportunities to learn the majority or official language(s).

Abstract
In standard cases of discrimination the interests of the discriminatees are considered comparatively worse than those of others. Accordingly, discrimination is often defined as some form of differential consideration or treatment which, among other features, entails a disadvantage for discriminatees. There are some apparent forms of nonstandard discrimination, however, in which it seems that this need not occur. This paper examines three of them: epistemic discrimination, discrimination against entities unable to be harmed by it and nonhierarchical segregation. If, as it seems, these really are forms of discrimination that means standard definitions may fail or must be reinterpreted. There is a way to account for the mentioned nonstandard forms of discrimination by claiming that all forms of worse consideration or treatment can be considered discriminatory. This, however, entails interpreting the term "worse" in a very broad manner, and some may not find this solution intuitive. Despite this, the paper will argue that alternative accounts entail more serious problems.

Recently, cryptocurrencies and bitcoin have become the main topics in the financial industry. A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. A cryptocurrency is difficult to counterfeit because of this security feature. A defining feature of a cryptocurrency, and arguably its most endearing allure, is its organic nature; it is not issued by any central authority, rendering it theoretically immune to government interference or manipulation. Cryptocurrencies have their benefits and drawbacks. The paper elaborates different aspects of cryptocurrencies, starting with their early development, challenges and risks, opportunities, advantages and disadvantages, and their future. In addition, the paper covered issues related to the practical and technical function of cryptocurrencies. It was concluded that is not easy to predict the future of cryptocurrencies, since there is a lot to be done especially in the field of formal regulations. However, the banks and other financial institutions should see and consider cryptocurrencies as an alternative for the financial transactions in the future.