Suchergebnisse

ÖZETDEMOKRAT PARTİ DÖNEMİNDE EKONOMİ POLİTİKA VE TÜRKİYE'NİN KALKINMA ÇABALARITürkiye'de çok partili sisteme geçişten dört yıl sonra 1950 yılında iktidara gelen Demokrat Parti, 27 Mayıs 1960'a kadar iktidarda kalmıştır. Bu dönemde Türkiye çevre ülke özelliklerini sürdürmeye devam ederken, kapitalist dünya-ekonomisinde yaşanan genişleme sürecine paralel olarak, DP iktidarının ilk yılları yüksek büyüme ve yatırım oranları yakalamıştır. 1953 yılından sonra Türkiye'nin ihraç ürünleri alehine değişen ticaret hadleri ve tarım üretiminde yaşanan sıkıntılar DP'yi tedrici önlemler almaya iterken, bu önlemler yeni bir sermaye birikim modelinin temellerini atmıştır. Bu çalışmada Demokrat Parti döneminde ekonomide yaşanan gelişmeler, sermaye birikim modelinde yaşanan değişimler çerçevesinde Dünya Sistemleri Yaklaşımı kullanılarak ve inceleme Osmanlı'nın son dönemlerine kadar geri götürülerek ele alınmıştır. Türkiye'nin kapitalist dünya-ekonomisi içindeki konumunun ve Türkiye'deki sermaye sınıfı içindeki farklı grupların durumlarının incelenen dönemde çeşitli sermaye birikim modellerin benimsenmesi arkasında yatan etmenler olduğu gösterilmiştirABSTRACTPOLITICAL ECONOMY DURING THE DEMOCRAT PARTY ERA AND TURKEY'S DEVELOPMENT EFFORTSFour years after the transition to multi-party system in Turkey, Democrat Party came to power in 1950, and remained in power until 27 May, 1960. While Turkey continued to exhibit the features of a peripheral country in that period, the early years of the DP era witnessed high growth and investment rates in parallel to the expansion in the capitalist world-economy. As the deterioration in the terms of trade for Turkish exports and difficulties faced in agriculture sector after 1953 forced DP governments to take temporary measures, those measures laid down the foundations of a new capital accumulation model. In this study, events in the economy during the Democrat Party era are analyzed according to the changes in capital accumulation model by employing the World-Systems Approach, and stretching the analysis back to the late Ottoman years. It is demonstrated that the Turkey's status within the capitalist world-economy and the constellations within the capitalist class in Turkey are the factors behind designation of various capital accumulation models in the analyzed period.

As a center of creative economy, Surakarta City has cultural diversity and creative people. This is reflected by the availability of resources and creative products in each sub-district to be further developed. The development of the creative economy of Surakarta will address the challenges of future economic development including increasing economic growth, reducing poverty, creating new jobs, and industrial competitiveness. This study aims to develop an integrated model of each stakeholder coordinated by the Regional Device Organization (RDO) in Surakarta government to support the implementation of the development of the national creative economy. The Surakarta creative economy development model refers to the 5 pillars of the development of the national creative economy. This development model has a relationship between the foundations and pillars of development, planning activities supported by stakeholders (academics, business, government, and communities), as well as markets for creative products. RDO programs and activities are prepared based on the pillars of creative economic development that are in line with the tasks and functions. The Department of Education focuses on programs and activities on the pillars of resources, creating creative people at the basic level through the school curriculum. The Department of Cooperative and MSME focuses on the pillars of resource development through training and business network development, as well as financial intermediation. Department of Industry and Labor focus on developing resources and institutions. The Department of Tourism and Culture focuses on industrial pillars. The Department of Trading focuses on industrial pillars.

AbstractOver the last few years, the governments' fiscal revenue and expenditure have been significantly affected by the rapid growth of global digital economy. Despite the significant role that digital economy plays in improving the ability of the government to generate fiscal revenue, there is relatively little empirical evidence of this. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the impact of digital economy on the urban fiscal effort of China by analyzing the data recorded from 2011 to 2019. According to the empirical findings, digital economy can significantly improve the level of fiscal effort. Meanwhile, digital economy has a significant nonlinear effect on fiscal effort. As suggested by the results of expansion analysis, the effect of digital economy on fiscal effort shows significant regional heterogeneity and the spatial spillover effect is positive. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended to strengthen the construction of digital infrastructure, optimize the practice of fiscal revenue management under the context of digital economy, and improve the governments' fiscal situation by paying attention to the coordinated development of digital economy among various regions.

AbstractThis article explores whether immigration plays a role in determining national welfare state effort in 16 European countries. It examines the relationship between stocks of migrants, the foreign-born population, on two different indicators of welfare state effort – social welfare spending as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) and a welfare generosity index. The nexus between immigration and welfare is a controversial and highly sensitive political issue, and as such it typically divides opinion. Traditionally, it has been argued that increases in immigration create pressures for governments to reduce levels of social welfare provision. By building on theories and results from the political economy literature, this article provides further evidence on the debate through using a fresh approach to operationalize welfare state effort. The empirical results show that the foreign-born population has a positive and statistically significant relationship with social welfare spending and no statistically significant association with the welfare generosity index. The findings provide no evidence to support the hypothesis that the higher levels of immigration lead to reduced levels of social welfare provision. On the contrary, these findings lend support to the view that increasing immigration leads to welfare state expansion rather than retrenchment, and that European welfare states remain resilient in the face of the globalization of migration.

Interview conducted by Federico Mayor, former Director General of UNESCO, in which Cuban head of state Castro defends his record and maps ways for Cuba to progress; positions on globalization and human rights. Summaries in English and Spanish p. 451 and 467.

ABSTRACTThe life expectancy of all political systems depends, among other factors, on the ability to resist military pressure and other means of coercion, that is, to mount and sustain a sufficient 'security‐related effort'(SRE). Yet over the last decades, SRE in the West has increasingly fallen short of what is required, especially vis‐à‐vis the main systemic competitor, the Soviet bloc. This trend can be explained by the interplay of two kinds of long‐term change in Western societies. The first is the gradual penetrating and remoulding of their structures by capitalism, replacing both threat and integrative relations by exchange as a social organizer and thus delegitimizing the military (and other means of organized coercion), and at the same time rendering war much more destructive and costly by harnessing modern science and technology to the design and production of weaponry. The second process is the diffusion of representative, subsequently democratized, systems of government: decision‐making by representative assemblies generates, via the mechanism of log‐rolling, allocative decisions biased towards providing private goods (e.g. by tax reductions), merit goods, and transfer payments, and consequently disfavouring public goods such as deterrence of potential aggressors.