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JEL Classification System: M16 – International Business Administration M31 - Marketing ; The main propose of this dissertation is to analyze the attractiveness of the Colombian market for Portuguese wine producers/exporters as well as the main challenges they face when entering in a different market where the consumption of wine is low. This study confronts two different cultures and histories in order to create a link between them with the purpose of performing their business relationship. On one side we have Portugal, a country with a close relationship with the wine industry and history, which is recognized for the production of unique wines (just produced in Portugal land), such as Porto wine and Green wine or Vinho Verde. It is one of the most important wine producer countries in the world. However, today the consumption of wine in Portugal is decreasing considerably, and experts suggest that the best alternative for Portuguese wine producers is to export their products and explore new markets. On the other side we have Colombia, a country that, time ago, was recognized for its problems with violence and drug trafficking. However, today Colombia is recognized for its Nobel Prize for Literature, Gabriel Garcia Marques; its excellent football players, James Rodriguez, Jackson Martinez and Radamel Falcao; its beautiful and talented women, Shakira and Sofia Vergara; its excellent coffee (considered the best coffee in the world); and also its multiple opportunities for investment. Without any doubt, Colombia is becoming an attractive market to invest in, because its political and economical situation is stable. It is considered the door of Latin American market and one of the most stable markets there. Since recently the Colombian market has become an attractive market for traders and exporters of wine from around the world due to some years ago the wine industry in Colombia is growing stronger and consumption of wine is increasing. Consequently, the Colombian market has become a market opportunity for producers and exporters of Portuguese wines that want to expand their business in Colombia. The Methodology of data collection used in this study is through in-depth interviews to wine producers in Portugal, wine traders in Colombia and different agencies involved in wine industry as well as agencies involved in the bilateral trade relationship between Portugal and Colombia. Subsequently, the interviews were confronted to the propositions developed according to the literature review. ; O principal objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a atratividade do mercado Colombiano para os produtores portugueses de vinho e quais são os principais desafios que eles afrontam na hora de entrar num diferente mercado onde o consumo do vinho é relativamente baixo. Este estudo confronta duas culturas e histórias diferentes, a fim de criar uma ligação entre eles com o objetivo de melhorar sua relação comercial. De um lado temos Portugal, um país com uma relação estreita com a indústria do vinho e da história, que é reconhecida pela produção de vinhos exclusivos (apenas produzidos em Portugal), como o vinho do Porto e Vinho Verde. É um dos países produtores de vinhos mais importantes no mundo. No entanto, hoje o consumo de vinho em Portugal está a diminuir consideravelmente. Os especialistas sugerem que a melhor alternativa para os produtores de vinho portugueses é exportar seus produtos e explorar novos mercados. Por outro lado, temos a Colômbia, um país que, outrora, foi conhecida por seus problemas com a violência e o tráfico de drogas. No entanto, hoje, a Colômbia é reconhecida por seu Prêmio Nobel de Literatura, Gabriel Garcia Marques; seus excelentes jogadores de futebol, como James Rodriguez, Jackson Martinez e Radamel Falcao; suas belas e talentosas mulheres, Shakira e Sofia Vergara; seu excelente café (considerado um dos melhores do mundo); e também suas múltiplas oportunidades de investimento. Sem dúvida alguma, a Colômbia está a tornar-se num mercado atraente para investir, devido à sua situação política e econômica se encontrar cada vez mais estável. Neste momento a Colômbia é considerada a porta de entrada da América Latina. No que à industria do vinho na Colômbia, concerne, verificamos um grande aumento no consumo, de à uns anos para cá. O mercado Colombiano está a tornar-se num mercado de investimento para os comerciantes de vinho e exportadores em todo o mundo e, consequentemente, um mercado oportunista para produtores e exportadores de vinhos portugueses, que querem expandir seus negócios para este país. A metodologia de coleta de dados baseou-se na elaboração de entrevistas em profundidade a produtores portugueses e comerciantes da Colômbia, bem como a diferentes agências envolvidas na indústria do vinho e na relação comercial bilateral entre Portugal e Colômbia. Posteriormente, o resultado das mesmas foram cruzados com as proposições desenvolvidas neste estudo, a fim de verificar a aceitação das mesmas.

In Building a Win-Win World, world-renowned futurist Hazel Henderson extends her twenty-five years of work in economics to examine the havoc the current economic system is creating at the global level. Markets are now spreading worldwide-a spread which is often equated with the hope of democracy spreading along with it. But markets still run on old textbook models that ignore social and environmental costs-leading to a new kind of warfare: global economic warfare. Building a Win-Win World demonstrates how the global economy is unsustainable because of its negative effects on employees, families, communities, and the ecosystem. Henderson shows that win-win strategies can become the norm at every level when people see the true current and future costs of short-sighted, narrow economic policies. Henderson shows how humans are encountering the endgames of the competition/conflict paradigm, and identifies the signs of transition. Using warfare as a metaphor for the dark side of today's world economic system, she shows how both are destructive, inhumane, wasteful, irrational, inefficient, competitive, and crisis-driven. Both create more new problems than they solve. She describes how the globalization of the war system, technology, and industrialization brought the Cold War to a dead end. By the mid-1980s the global warfare paradigm had given ground to a global economic warfare which many economists, politicians, and business leaders hailed as a victory of capitalism and competitive free markets. Yet this new type of warfare proved little better than the military warfare it was advertised to replace. By the mid-1990s global economic warfare had already reached crisis points of its own. Building a Win-Win World examines how jobs, education, health care, human rights, democratic participation, socially responsible business, and environmental protection are all sacrificed to global competitiveness. Henderson shows many ways out of the dilemmas faced by all countries. New agreements are described to tame the global economic casino, regulate multi-national corporations, and levy fees for commercial use of global common resources-oceans, atmosphere, space, etc.-and tax their abuse. These revenues can then be invested in civilian needs and sectors worldwide. She also describes a trend toward grassroots globalism-citizens movements that are addressing poverty, social inequities, pollution, resource-depletion, violence, and wars. Grassroots globalism, she says, is about thinking and acting-globally and locally. It is pragmatic problem-solving, implementing local solutions that keep the planet in mind. Such social innovations can raise the ethical floor under the global playing field so that the most ethical companies and countries can win.

In an increasingly interconnected world wine market, evolving consumer demands, technologies, and climate have all contributed to large shifts in global patterns of production and consumption of wine. These shifting patterns of wine production and consumption have entailed changes in the vineyard in terms of total area planted, production practices, and the mix of grape varieties grown. In this book, for the first time, we have a detailed empirical picture, country by country and region by region within countries, of which varieties of grapes have been grown where, and how those varietal choices have changed over time. This statistical compendium will be directly useful for anyone interested in knowing about and understanding the changing patterns of production of wine and wine grapes around the world. It also will serve as an invaluable resource for economists and others who seek to analyze those patterns and their causes

The world of wine encompasses endless variety. Consumers want to understand what makes one bottle of wine different from another; vintners need to know how to communicate what makes their product distinctive. Drawing on a decade of fieldwork in Italy and France as well as interviews with critics and analysis of market data, Giacomo Negro, Michael T. Hannan, and Susan Olzak provide an unprecedented sociological account of the dynamics of wine markets. They demonstrate how the concepts of genre and collective identity illuminate producers' choices, whether they are selling traditional or nonconventional wines.Winemakers face a fundamental choice: produce an existing style and develop an identity as a proponent of tradition or embrace foreign, new, or emerging categories and be seen as an innovator. To explain this dilemma, Negro, Hannan, and Olzak develop the notion of wine genres, or shared understandings among producers and the public. Genres emerge through the social structure of production, including factors such as group solidarity, social cohesion, and collective action, and become key reference points for critics and consumers. Wine Markets features case studies of the creation of a modern wine genre and a countermovement against modernism in Piedmont, the failure of producers of Brunello di Montalcino in Tuscany to define a clear collective identity, and the emergence of the biodynamic wine movement in Alsace. This book not only offers keen sociological insight into the wine world but also sheds new light on the logic of markets and organizations more broadly

In this anthology, editors Kym Anderson and Vicente Pinilla have gathered together some of the world's leading wine economists and economic historians to examine the development of national wine industries before and during the two waves of globalization. The empirically-based chapters analyse developments in all key wine-producing and consuming countries using a common methodology to explain long-term trends and cycles in wine production, consumption, and trade. The authors cover topics such as the role of new technologies, policies, institutions, as well as exchange rate movements, international market developments, evolutions in grape varieties, and wine quality changes. The final chapter draws on an economic model of global wine markets, to project those markets to 2025 based on various assumptions about population and income growth, real exchange rates, and other factors. All authors of the book contributed to a unique global database of annual data back to the mid-nineteenth century which has been compiled by the book editors

"The world of wine encompasses endless variety. Consumers want to understand what makes one bottle of wine different from another; vintners need to know how to communicate what makes their product distinctive. Drawing on a decade of fieldwork in Italy and France as well as interviews with critics and analysis of market data, Giacomo Negro, Michael T. Hannan, and Susan Olzak provide an unprecedented sociological account of the dynamics of wine markets. They demonstrate how the concepts of genre and collective identity illuminate producers' choices, whether they are selling traditional or nonconventional wines. Winemakers face a fundamental choice: produce an existing style and develop an identity as a proponent of tradition or embrace foreign, new, or emerging categories and be seen as an innovator. To explain this dilemma, Negro, Hannan, and Olzak develop the notion of wine genres, or shared understandings among producers and the public. Genres emerge through the social structure of production, including factors such as group solidarity, social cohesion, and collective action, and become key reference points for critics and consumers. Wine Markets features case studies of the creation of a modern wine genre and a countermovement against modernism in Piedmont, the failure of producers of Brunello di Montalcino in Tuscany to define a clear collective identity, and the emergence of the biodynamic wine movement in Alsace. This book not only offers keen sociological insight into the wine world but also sheds new light on the logic of markets and organizations more broadly."

The goal of this master thesis is to give an overview of the conditions and opportunities of the market for German wines in Singapore. It will show what surrounding conditions, specific regulations, current market situations and future market opportunities there are. First, the basic structures of Singapore will be shown, from an economic, political and cultural point of view. Afterwards, a closer look at the Singaporean food and beverage market will be taken. This will show not only the regulations for food and beverages at the Singaporean market, but also some specific regulations for the market of alcoholic beverages. Subsequently the specifics about this market of alcoholic beverages will be pointed out. The situation of the wine market is then the next and major part of this market analysis. It will be analyzed in depth to find out the framework of conditions for German wine in this market. Singapore is a very interesting and growing wine market and functioning as a business hub in Southeast Asia. It offers great opportunities for German wine in the future and therefore, finally, the German wine on the Singaporean market will be analyzed and described. A market research about the presence of German wine in Singaporean wine selling businesses was conducted and gives an overview of the German wine presence on the market. ; O objetivo desta tese de mestrado é dar uma visão geral das condições e oportunidades do mercado de vinhos alemães em Singapura. Ela mostrará as condições gerais, os regulamentos específicos, as situações atuais do mercado e as oportunidades futuras do mercado. Primeiro, as estruturas básicas de Singapura serão mostradas, do ponto de vista econômico, político e cultural. Depois disso, o mercado de alimentos e bebidas de Singapura será considerado mais perto. Isso mostrará não apenas os regulamentos para alimentos e bebidas no mercado de Singapura, mas também alguns regulamentos específicos para o mercado de bebidas alcoólicas. Em seguida, os detalhes sobre este mercado de bebidas alcoólicas serão apontadas. A situação de mercado do vinho é então a parte próxima e maior desta análise de mercado. Será analisado em profundidade para descobrir as condições gerais para o vinho alemão neste mercado. Singapura é um mercado de vinhos muito interessante e crescente e funciona como um pólo de negócios de Sudeste Asiático. Oferece oportunidades excelentes para o vinho alemão no futuro e, por conseguinte, finalmente, o vinho alemão no mercado de Singapura será analisado e descrito. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de mercado sobre a presença de vinhos alemães nas empresas que venda vinhos em Singapura. Esta pesquisa fornece uma visão geral da presença do vinho alemão no mercado.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine how the Chinese wine market can be meaningfully segmented and to explore marketing implications for the Australian wine sector.


Design/methodology/approach
– The research is descriptive in nature, using an online survey to collect quantitative data on wine consumer behaviour. A total of 407 responses were obtained. Data analysis included descriptive analysis (frequency distributions) and cluster analysis.


Findings
– The research identifies three clusters of wine consumers: "the extrinsic attribute-seeking customers", "the intrinsic attribute-seeking customers" and "the alcohol level attribute-seeking customers". These groups of consumers were categorised using a behavioural (benefit) segmentation base.


Research limitations/implications
– The use of an internet survey and convenience sample limits generalisation of the findings. The adoption of a behavioural basis in conducting the segmentation is a limitation. The use of more complex segmentation bases, such as psychographics, may yield a richer understanding of the Chinese wine consumer in future studies.


Practical implications
– The customer profiles provide Australian wine marketers with an insight into Chinese wine consumer behaviour. Brand positioning can be improved by ensuring that the brand emphasises certain product attributes which the segments value when choosing wine.


Originality/value
– Little previous research on market segmentation has been conducted in mainland China. For Australian wine marketers, this study provides a baseline study into market segmentation and may assist with targeting and brand positioning decisions.

Wine is an art, a craft, a science, and a delicious part of life enjoyed by millions of people. But it is a global industry, too. In Wine Wars II economist Mike Veseth shows how globalization, commodification, and the "revenge of the terroirists" help determine what's in your wine glass - and how wine's triple crisis threatens the soul of wine.

France is a leading country in wine producing and exporting. World globalization influences a structure of demand and exports, producers and exporters. Wine makers of France are to change and innovate traditional technologies of production, marketing, sales.

More people producing things leads to lower prices for consumers - all else being equal of course. Morrisons has begun matching its prices to Aldi and Lidl as new chief executive Rami Baitiéh mounts a fightback against the German discounters.The supermarket has pledged to match the price offered by Aldi or Lidl on more than 200 products, offering customers whichever price is lowest. The offer will cover everything from corn flakes and mince to canned tomatoes and baby wipes. Prices will be updated twice a week.One of the advantages of advancing age is that we've seen things happen before. Back a quarter century the big worry about British supermarkets was the uncompetitive nature of the industry. Net margins were up at 6% and the like of turnover - vastly high by international standards. Reports were written identifying triangular areas that one or t'other of the chains dominated and so on. Not much happened. Then Aldi and Lidl arrived. A different method of retailing, a smaller number of stock lines, different positioning, lower prices. At which point that competition started to eat the market - net margins for the industry are now in the 2 to 3% range. For everyone has had to do, these recent decades, what Morrisons is now doing. Cut prices to consumers to combat said competition.Those German and Austrian billionaire families which own those two insurgent chains have not done this for our interest. They've done it to amass those billionaire fortunes. But the effect has been to lower food prices for all of us. The capitalists competing for our custom is what produces that benefit to us.Sure, there are alternative ways of attempting to gain this result of an increase in consumer living standards. Venezuela famously decided that the President knew what things should cost and therefore everything should cost what the President said. The result was not an increase in living standards, rather the vanishing of everything from the marketplace.The standard example in the economic literature of this effect is indeed about the butcher and the baker, it's not their benevolence that feeds us, it's their regard for their own self-interest. The particular issue here being that free part of free markets. Which means that people are free to enter the market if they wish - which they have done and to our collective benefit.Free market competition for the win then.

This book explores the way in which QR codes (Quick Response codes) can help the wine industry facilitate distribution and more effectively market and sell their product. It examines the interventions, invention and opportunities brought about by QR codes for the wine industry. It also investigates how QR codes can help enable regional development as well as information and knowledge about winemakers and regions. The book begins with an introduction to QR codes. It explains how to use them as well as shows how QR codes combine analogue and online promotion and information dissemination. Next,