This research analyses some of the antecedents and consequences of brand hate and examines the moderating effects of neuroticism and extraversion personality traits on behavioral outcomes. After collecting 375 responses, the data analysis was based on the structural equation modeling. Results show that symbolic incongruity, ideological incompatibility, and perceived value are predictors of brand hate, and that brand hate influences negative word-of-mouth, anti-brand actions and complaining. The relationship between brand hate and behavioral results are reinforced for consumers with high neuroticism traits and, in contrast, are attenuated in consumers with high extraversion traits. This investigation innovates by combining signaling theory and expectancy violation theories to explain the emergence of brand hate and its impacts on brand-related outcomes. It particularly explores the possibility of a curvilinear relationship, where brand hate tends to grow exponentially with the intensity of the signals.
The growing importance of polls in news coverage raises questions about whether legislators should regulate polls in election campaigns. Although restrictions are on the rise, little is known about some basic but important facts regarding polls. Who reads polls? Are citizens who are aware of polls more likely to change their voting behaviour? And do polls help them to better anticipate electoral outcomes? We answer these questions using data from the 2015 Canadian election. We show that being exposed to polls is not associated with voter's likelihood of changing their vote choice compared with their vote intention during the campaign, does not affect the propensity to turn out or abstain, but does improve their ability to forecast the winner. We conclude that polls are more helpful than harmful.
Undertakes an empirical investigation of the assumption that domestic political conflict is invariably harmful to the societies in which it occurs. Examines the implications for the provision of basic human needs once the known effects of aggregate national wealth are removed. Findings indicate that the intensity measure is associated with long-term improvements while the scope of conflict carries a negative impact for basic needs outcomes. (Abstract amended)
Particular coping strategies involving behavioral and psychological responses to stressors are viewed as protective in relation to harmful effects of stressors, including problematic drinking. One framework for examining modes of coping has classified responses into those deemed either protective of or detrimental to health. This study examined racial/ethnic differences in the use of nine coping strategies and their relation to problematic drinking. Using two waves of data from a study of university employees, we examined the extent to which modes of coping varied by race/ethnicity, and whether the coping strategies were protective or predictive of problematic drinking. Two modes of coping considered "maladaptive" (denial, self-blame) were protective for African American and Hispanic respondents in comparison to White respondents, while two "adaptive" measures of coping (positive reframing, humor) were protective against drinking for African Americans compared to Whites. Implications for these findings as well as directions for future research are discussed.
PurposeCoopetition is the interplay between cooperation and competition, involving organisations sharing resources and capabilities with rival entities. Earlier work has suggested that coopetition has a linear (positive) relationship with company performance, with scarce considerations towards whether this link could have a diminishing-returns effect. Thus, this paper aims to examine the non-linear (quadratic) relationships between coopetition and three performance outcomes. Using resource-based theory and the relational view, this study is designed to evaluate the dark side of coopetition, in terms of identifying situations when such activities can be harmful for company performance.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were collected from a sample of 101 vineyards and wineries in New Zealand. After purifying the measures through a series of multivariate statistical techniques, the research hypotheses and control paths were tested through hierarchical regression. Furthermore, the statistical data passed all major assessments of reliability and validity (including common method variance).FindingsCoopetition was found to have non-linear (quadratic) relationships with customer satisfaction performance, market performance, and financial performance. These results indicate that while coopetition provides organisations with new resources, capabilities and opportunities, there are some dark sides of coopetition activities. With "too little" coopetition, firms might struggle to survive within their markets, with an insufficient volume of resources and capabilities. With "too much" coopetition, companies could experience increased tensions, potentially lose intellectual property and dilute their competitive advantages. Such negative outcomes could harm their performance in several capacities.Practical implicationsFirms should appreciate that coopetition is a competitive strategy. In other words, regardless of how much collaboration occurs, coopetition partners are still competing entities. It is recommended that organisations should strive to engage in an "optimal-level" of coopetition, as "too little" or "too much" of such strategies can be harmful for various types of company performance. To mitigate some of the dark sides of coopetition, businesses should attempt to use all the benefits of collaborating with competitors (i.e. accessing new resources, capabilities and opportunities), but at the same time, not become dependent on rivals' assets.Originality/valueThis paper develops and tests a framework examining the non-linear (quadratic) linkages between coopetition and multiple assessments of company performance. It highlights the benefits and drawbacks of businesses sharing resources and capabilities with their competitors. Contrary to prior studies in the business-to-business marketing literature, the results signify that firms need to engage in an "optimal-level" of coopetition to minimise certain dark sides, such as reduced company performance. After providing some practitioner implications, this paper ends with a series of limitations and avenues for future research.
AbstractWhile there is agreement among scholars that people‐work requires emotional labor, there is still some uncertainty about the consequences of emotional labor for employees. This article conducts a random‐effects meta‐analysis including 545 correlations across 175 primary studies to explore the relationship between emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction. The meta‐analysis suggests that emotional labor can be both harmful and beneficial to employees, depending on the emotional labor strategy used, that is, surface acting or deep acting. In addition, the meta‐regression shows that effect sizes between emotional labor and employee outcomes (i.e., burnout and job satisfaction) differ in collectivist and individualist cultures. The article concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for research and practice.
The market for tobacco or tobacco-like products is changing fast. Consumers are increasingly motivated to substitute classic cigarettes with products that are less damaging to health. The COVID-19 crisis, and the growing evidence from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and others that smoking increases the risk of dying from COVID-19, is likely to increase that trend. Alongside measures to reduce tobacco consumption, public-health authorities in some countries have also been at the vanguard of pushing product substitution. There is also vibrant innovation in the market with old and new firms coming up with new products that reduce the harm of tobacco consumption. E-cigarettes are one among such products. A less known example is nicotine pouches. For some years now, tobacco-free nicotine pouches - a tobacco-free version of pre-portioned snus - have been available on the Swedish market. Although the use of the product is increasing and is marketed outside Europe, nicotine pouches are not subject to any specific product regulation - neither in Europe nor elsewhere. That makes the product unique because similar products are regulated in both international treaties and national legislation. It is a matter of time before nicotine pouches will get regulated and the purpose of this report is to provide an analysis of different regulatory approaches and what they entail. This is chiefly done by observing key trends in tobacco-prevention policies and analyzing how the regulation of similar products has developed over time. Because of their product-specific similarities, the reference products for the analysis are snus and e-cigarettes. Obviously, these similarities include aspects of their harm-reduction potential (when compared to cigarettes) but also factors such as nicotine dependence, number of users, and the specifics of their regulation. The analysis is particularly focused on the regulation of these products in Europe and North America, and also takes stock of the factors that shaped the debate and affected the outcome of these regulations. Consideration is also given to the possibility that new conflicts may emerge in the wake of the increased use of nicotine pouches and how this may affect future regulation. In light of this analysis, the report provides a scenario for the regulation of nicotine pouches.
This paper reviews outcome studies from groups facilitated for persons living with serious mental illness. Although the research base is limited (groups posing considerable methodological challenges), available studies show that, in general, group work is as effective as individual work, if not more so. This paper describes findings from studies of short‐term, long‐term and self‐help groups dealing with mood disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and borderline personality disorders over the last 10 years. The concept of 'time‐effective' group work is discussed as are the potentially harmful effects of group participation. The paper concludes by arguing that group work is an effective and less expensive treatment option that would benefit from further research to establish an evidence base, both for current practice and for the expansion of group work practice in the future.
PurposeThe present study aims to analyze the role of the appraisal of stressors as harmful and threatening (distress) and/or as opportunities and challenges (eustress) in inducing negative (burnout) and positive (engagement) effects. It compares appraisal of occupational stressors in Poland and Spain and looks for differences between these countries in the associations between different types of appraisals and their positive and negative outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe study analyzes the equivalence of relations across cultures by constraining structural equation models to be equivalent across the Spanish (n=603) and Polish (n=147) data sets of social care services employees. Multigroup analysis was used to test the invariance of the model for the two samples.FindingsThe results showed that the constrained model is robust, stable and invariant across the Spanish and Polish samples, which means that the structural properties of the model do not differ between the two countries. Also, Spanish and Polish workers obtain similar average results on the levels of the appraisals of distress and eustress. Polish social workers have a significantly higher level of burnout and a significantly lower level of work engagement than Spanish employees.Practical implicationsThe confirmation that in both countries eustress has beneficial outcomes on psychological health in the form of work engagement suggests that employees should be taught to perceive work in a more positive way to increase work engagement. The roles that leadership and cultural factors play in this process need to be taken into consideration. Cross‐cultural comparisons of stress are especially relevant for expatriates and for managers in charge of multicultural teams.Originality/valueThe study goes beyond a mere comparison of general stress levels across countries or the relationship between the appraisal of distress and burnout, and it takes into account both negative and positive appraisals of stressors, as well as the strength of their relationships with their outcomes.
AbstractDuring a cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom (HAB) event, drinking water treatment systems face the challenge of balancing acute and chronic health risks by treating the potentially toxin‐producing HAB and simultaneously managing for disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. To explore the relationship between HAB events and DBP formation, a unique full‐scale study, including paired source water and finished water monitoring, was conducted at five drinking water utilities with HAB‐impacted source waters. Results confirm bench‐scale findings that HAB events in source water contribute to increases in DBP precursors. However, unlike results from laboratory studies, source water HAB‐related parameters and finished water DBPs were not consistently correlated at the five study utilities. These different outcomes suggest regulated DBP formation in utilities with HAB‐impacted source water is complex and influenced by a variety of site‐specific conditions, including source water conditions and data available for operational decision‐making, timing of treatment adjustments, and key operational choices.
Does the type of research design used in a crime & justice study influence its conclusions? Scholars agree in theory that randomized experimental studies have higher internal validity than do nonrandomized studies. But there is not consensus regarding the costs of using nonrandomized studies in coming to conclusions regarding criminal justice interventions. To examine the issues, the authors look at the relationship between research design & study outcomes in a broad review of research evidence on crime & justice commissioned by the National Institute of Justice. Their findings suggest that design does have a systematic effect on outcomes in criminal justice studies. The weaker a design, indicated by internal validity, the more likely a study is to report a result in favor of treatment & the less likely it is to report a harmful effect of treatment. Even when comparing randomized studies with strong quasi-experimental research designs, systematic & statistically significant differences are observed. 8 Tables, 44 References. [Copyright 2001 Sage Publications, Inc.]
This study undertakes an empirical investigation of the near universal assumption that domestic political conflict is invariably harmful to the societies in which it occurs. In particular, we examine the implications of domestic conflict for the provision of basic human needs once the known effects of aggregate national wealth are removed. Using a variation of the panel regression model, we regress an index of basic needs satisfaction on measures of domestic conflict scope and intensity, along with suitable controls, for a sample of 85 contemporary nations. The findings indicate that the intensity measure is associated with long-term improvements in basic needs while the scope of conflict carries a negative impact for basic needs outcomes.
Evidence shows that many college graduates are employed in jobs for which a degree is not required (overeducation), and in which the skills they learned in college are not being fully utilized (overskilling). Policymakers should be particularly concerned about widespread overskilling, which is likely to be harmful to both the welfare of employees and the interests of employers as both overeducation and overskilling can lead to frustration, lower wages, and higher quitting rates while also being a waste of government money spent on education.
