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Perfect for librarians, clinicians, patients, and students, The Encyclopedia of the Heart and Heart Disease brings together current information on all facets of the heart and heart-related topics. Organized in a concise, authoritative encyclopedic format, this volume offers a complete overview of the medical, scientific, social, and lifestyle implications of heart disease. More than 600 detailed entries cover such topics as etiology, symptoms, preventive strategies, treatments, medications, procedures, surgeries (and recovery from), research, medical terms, coping and caregiving, living with h

Alternative splicing is the main driver of protein diversity and allows the production of different proteins from each gene in the genome. Changes in exon exclusion, intron retention or the use of alternative splice sites can alter protein structure, localisation, regulation and function. In the heart, alternative splicing of sarcomeric genes, ion channels and cell signalling proteins can lead to cardiomyopathies, arrhythmias and other pathologies. Also, a number of inherited conditions and heart-related diseases develop as a result of mutations affecting splicing. Here, we review the impact that changes in alternative splicing have on individual genes and on whole biological processes associated with heart disease. We also discuss promising therapeutic tools based on the manipulation of alternative splicing. ; European Union [ITN-289600]; Spanish Ministry of Economy [SAF2012-31451]; Madrid Regional Government [S2010/BMD-2321]; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares) [RD12/0042/0002] ; Sí

Background : Cardiovascular diseases contribute to 42% of overall mortality in the European Union. Over a third of deaths from CVD are from coronary heart disease and just over a quarter are from cerebrovascular disease (stroke). Standardized death rates for heart disease have fallen dramatically in the last 25 years in Western Europe, both for men and for women. Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease The MONICA Project : A major source of information on cardiovascular diseases established in the early 1980s under the auspices of WHO, to monitor trends in cardiovascular diseases and to relate these to risk factor changes over a ten year period. There were a total of 37 MONICA Collaborating Centres in 21 countries (including 29 populations in 16 European countries). The ten year data collection was completed in the late 1990s, though several Centres are still active today. Conclusions : CVD registers remain nevertheless an invaluable source for monitoring levels and trends in incidence and case fatality. Trends in incidence rates and in case fatality rates can significantly differ from one another. This situation requires better detection of individuals at risk. The intervention component of the BELLUX register is well-suited for this task.

Aims Genetics plays an important role in coronary heart disease (CHD) but the clinical utility of genomic risk scores (GRSs) relative to clinical risk scores, such as the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), is unclear. Our aim was to construct and externally validate a CHD GRS, in terms of lifetime CHD risk and relative to traditional clinical risk scores. Methods and results We generated a GRS of 49 310 SNPs based on a CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium meta-analysis of CHD, then independently tested it using five prospective population cohorts (three FINRISK cohorts, combined n = 12 676, 757 incident CHD events; two Framingham Heart Study cohorts (FHS), combined n = 3406, 587 incident CHD events). The GRS was associated with incident CHD (FINRISK HR = 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61–1.86 per S.D. of GRS; Framingham HR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.18–1.38), and was largely unchanged by adjustment for known risk factors, including family history. Integration of the GRS with the FRS or ACC/AHA13 scores improved the 10 years risk prediction (meta-analysis C-index: +1.5–1.6%, P < 0.001), particularly for individuals ≥60 years old (meta-analysis C-index: +4.6–5.1%, P < 0.001). Importantly, the GRS captured substantially different trajectories of absolute risk, with men in the top 20% of attaining 10% cumulative CHD risk 12–18 y earlier than those in the bottom 20%. High genomic risk was partially compensated for by low systolic blood pressure, low cholesterol level, and non-smoking. Conclusions A GRS based on a large number of SNPs improves CHD risk prediction and encodes different trajectories of lifetime risk not captured by traditional clinical risk scores. ; National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship (1090462 to G.A.); National Health and Medical Research Council and the National Heart Foundation of Australia (1061435 and 1062227 to M.I.); Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research to V.S; British Heart Foundation and NIHR to N.J.S.; AP and SR are supported by the Academy of Finland (grant no. 251704, 286500, 293404 to AP, and 251217, 285380 to SR), Juselius Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, NordForsk e-Science NIASC (grant no 62721) and Biocentrum Helsinki (to SR). The MI Genetics (MIGen) Consortium Study was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the United States National Institutes of Health (R01 HL087676). Genotyping was partially funded by The Broad Institute Center for Genotyping and Analysis, which was supported by grant U54 RR02027 from the National Center for Research Resources. This study makes use of data generated by the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium. A full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available from www.wtccc.org.uk. Funding for the project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 076113 and 085475. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 261433 (Biobank Standardisation and Harmonisation for Research Excellence in the European Union—BioSHaRE-EU). We are grateful to the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium for making their large-scale genetic data available. A list of members of the consortium and the contributing studies is available at www.cardiogramplusc4d.org.

Coronary heart disease is a heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries, starting from the occurrence of atherosclerosis (arterial stiffness) or the accumulation of fat or plaque (plague) on the walls of the coronary arteries, either accompanied by clinical symptoms or without symptoms.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is widely reported in developed countries. The incidence of CHD in European men was recorded by WHO in 1976 as 2-14 per 1000 population and CHD is mostly found in Finland. In developing countries, the prevalence of CHD is generally rare. In South Africa in 1970 the death rate from CHD was 0.05 per 1000 black population and 1.9 per 1000 white population. In Ujung Pandang, the average treatment for CHD is 0.3 per 1000 patients. The type of research used is a quantitative study with a descriptive correlation research design, which is a study or study that describes the relationship between two variables in a situation or group of subjects. This is done to see the relationship between one variable with another variable. This study aims to see the relationship between blood type and the incidence of coronary heart disease in the CVCU room at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan in 2010. The population of this study was 11 people using incidental sampling. From the statistical test using the Chi-Square test analysis, it was found that p (value) = 0.012 where p (value) < 0.05. So the results of these tests found a very close and real relationship between the relationship between blood type and the incidence of coronary heart disease. The results of this study can be used as information and increase knowledge for nursing services in hospitals about the relationship between blood type and the incidence of coronary heart disease.

" We aim to introduce a 2022 update on CHD (carcinoid heart disease) considering a multidisciplinary perspective. This is a narrative mini-review. We searched English, full-length papers (PubMed). Inclusion criteria: original articles regardless of the level of statistical significance. We identified 44 papers and manually selected those with CHD, as follows: 8 original studies, 1 case series (N=9 patients), 16 case reports (N=1 patient/paper), and a total of 1,030 patients on published studies. The most remarkable results are the longest period of enrolment of 3-4 decades; CHD ratio among carcinoid syndrome of 37%; 30-day mortality post-cardiac surgery of 12%; median survival in CHD from 1.3 to 3.9 years (more than 2 years if valve intervention is provided); most useful prognostic markers: 5HIIA, NT-pro-BNP, but, potentially, chromogranin A. The specific protective role of somatostatin analogs against developing CHD is yet to be determined. CHD in the absence of carcinoid syndrome/liver metastasis may be related to ovarian NEN (neuroendocrine neoplasia) with a better outcome if prompt intervention. Remarkably, 3 guidelines are released regarding CHD on behalf of ENETS (European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society), and ESC (European Society of Cardiology). CHD still represents a most challenging entity situated at the crossroads of surgery, cardiology, oncology, endocrinology, and gastroenterology. "