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Organized Crime and the State: The Political Economy of Illicit Markets
In: APSA 2013 Annual Meeting Paper
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Working paper
The Morality of Illicit Markets: 'Greasing the Wheels' or 'Greasing the Palm'?
In: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Forthcoming
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Violence in Illicit Markets: Unintended Consequences and the Search for Paradoxical Effects of Enforcement
In: The B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy, Band 15, Heft 3, S. 1263-1295
ISSN: 1935-1682
Abstract
The textbook competitive model of drug markets predicts that greater law enforcement leads to higher black market prices, but also to the unintended consequences of greater revenue and violence. These predictions are not in accord with the paradoxical outcomes evinced by recent history in some drug markets, where enforcement rose even as prices fell. We show that predictions of the textbook model are not unequivocal, and that when bandwagon effects among scofflaws are introduced, the simple predictions are more likely to be reversed. We next show that even simple models of noncompetitive black markets can elicit paradoxical outcomes. Therefore, we argue that instead of searching for assumptions that lead to paradoxical outcomes, which is the direction the literature has taken, it is better for policy analysis to choose appropriate assumptions for the textbook model. We finish with performing such an analysis for the case of banning menthol cigarettes. Under the most plausible assumptions enforcement will indeed spur violence, although the legal availability of electronic cigarettes may mitigate or reverse this conclusion.
Crisis and the emergence of illicit markets: a pragmatist view on economic action
In: MPIfG discussion paper 14/6
The illicit medicines trade from within: an analysis of the demand and supply sides of the illicit market for lifestyle medicines
In: Pompe reeks 89
In recent decades all sorts of illicit medicines have been increasingly traded world-wide: from antibiotics to weight loss drugs, and antimalarial tablets to steroids. The illicit medicines market is generally associated with considerable health risks for its users, as well as with high revenues and a perceived growing degree of criminal organization. It is therefore important to gain extensive criminological insights into this global market. This book provides in-depth and empirically-grounded theoretical insights into the online and offline trade in illicit pharmaceuticals, with particular reference to lifestyle pharmaceuticals. Trade in the Netherlands and manufacturing in China are taken as extended case studies. The author primarily focuses on the activities, dynamics and structure of the illicit market in the Netherlands, and on the production and transnational distribution of illicit medicines in and from China. In order to understand how actors operate, compete and develop trust relations, as well as how the illicit market is structured, this study is built on a mixed-method approach of both qualitative and quantitative data. By means of interviews with actors directly involved in the trade, analysis of court cases, a survey study and an online analysis, this book provides thorough and rich insights into the actors, dynamics and social organization of the flourishing illicit medicines market
Old Menace in New China: Coastal smuggling, illicit markets, and symbiotic economies in the early People's Republic
In: Modern Asian studies, Band 51, Heft 5, S. 1561-1597
ISSN: 1469-8099
AbstractThis article explores the ambiguous role of coastal smuggling during the first decade and a half of Communist rule (1949–65). Fearing that the illicit flow of commodities siphoned critical revenues and undermined foreign policy, Communist China repurposed and expanded Nationalist China's war on smuggling while employing novel tactics of mobilization. Yet smuggling was not just a threat; it was also a lifeline that alleviated widespread material shortages and supplied the everyday needs of individuals and firms during the tumultuous transition to central planning. Businesses from 'underground factories' to state-owned enterprises relied on black markets to meet ambitious production targets and circumvent bottlenecks in official supply channels. Smuggling was thus more than just 'corruption' practised by officials—it was also a 'creative accommodation' employed by broad swaths of social actors coping with the enormous changes. This article argues that the nascent command economy and the vibrant underground economy existed symbiotically rather than antagonistically. Exploration into this complex relationship reveals many cross-border connections between Communist China and the capitalist world that both complemented and undermined domestic state consolidation.
Drug users as a party and aim to the conflict between state and illicit market
In: Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta: Vestnik of Saint-Petersburg University. Filosofija i konfliktologija = Philosophy and conflict studies, Band 34, Heft 4
ISSN: 2541-9382
'Getting angry with honest people': The illicit market for immigrant 'papers' in Cape Town, South Africa
In: Migration studies, Band 5, Heft 2, S. 216-236
ISSN: 2049-5846
Images and Evidence: Human Trafficking, Auditing, and the Production of Illicit Markets in Southeast Asia and Beyond
In: Public culture, Band 22, Heft 2, S. 223-236
ISSN: 1527-8018
Facilitating Irregular Migration into Malaysia and from Indonesia: Illicit Markets, Endemic Corruption and Symbolic Attempts to Overcome Impunity
In: Public Anthropologist, Band 3, Heft 1, S. 8-31
ISSN: 2589-1715
Abstract
Discourses around illicit markets for irregular migration focus on criminality and global dimensions threatening border security and the sovereignty of the state. Organised crime has generally been understood to be committed by crime syndicates outside or parallel to the dominant order and formal economy. In Malaysia and Indonesia, however, the state (or parts thereof) is heavily implicated in such crime and essential for the success of unsanctioned trans-border movements. The participation of state officials could be analysed as a convergence of extralegal income generation and symbolic law enforcement. This article presents case studies from Malaysia and Indonesia that could only have taken place because security officials facilitated them. It challenges the orthodoxy of a state versus criminal network opposition and seeks to explain the circumstances under which legal prosecution occurs. The symbolic punishment of low-ranking officials reinforces networks of control, power hierarchies and cooperation of the state in illicit markets.
Criminal Innovation and Illicit Global Markets: Transnational Crime in Asia
In: Conference Paper, Philippine Social Science Council Beyond Politics and Spectacle: Crime, Drugs and Punishment, March 17-18, 2017, Manila, Quezon City
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