Suchergebnisse

Madagascar is regarded as one of the most important areas for biodiversity on Earth, and this biodiversity is found mainly in Madagascar's forests. Rural Malagasy people struggle to meet their daily food needs and often turn to the forest for new agricultural land. Efforts to curb deforestation and conserve threatened and endangered species undertaken by the Malagasy government and by international conservation and development organizations have been shaped by the history of forest management in the country. This paper traces the evolution of forest management in Madagascar from pre-colonial times to the present in an effort to contextualize current efforts to create new protected areas and transfer forest management responsibilities from the central government to local communities. In addition, the history of forest management is critically examined with respect to the assumptions about the role of government and the governed, as well as the dominant narrative that drove policy, providing context for understanding the approach currently underway in Madagascar.

The article presents a microhistory of a work strike in an Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) located in a rain forest of eastern Madagascar. ICDPs in Madagascar, as in other rain forest countries, are instruments of "green" neoliberal policy, a dominant development paradigm in Africa since the late 1980s. International donors and the Malagasy state are expanding the number of protected areas in Madagascar, and foreign NGOs typically manage the start-up phase of projects aimed at lessening slash-and-burn horticulture (called tavy) in the forest and to developing ecological tourism. The article traces the roles and narratives of low-wage, locally-hired ICDP workers, who perform the menial tasks of forest conservation. Details of a work strike by lower-tier ICDP workers in 1996 reveal dynamics of environmental interventions that have been neglected in analyses and evaluations. To understand conservation's recurrent failures, one must investigate not only the sources of tension between agrarian populations and park representatives but also those arising from conservation's historical division of labor. Key Words: conservation, labor, capitalism, development, parks, Madagascar

"Sharp concludes this study with an analysis of how indigenous spirit mediums and Protestant exorcists treat extreme cases of possession and madness, revealing contradictions inherent in cross-cultural psychiatric praxis. More generally, the book challenges current views about possession and marginal status, particularly in reference to gender and age, insightful discussions of the lives of migrant adults and children as they seek relief. Some personal and social ills make Sharp's investigation relevant to gender studies, medical anthropology religion and ritual, and the politics of culture as well as African and Madagascar studies."--Jacket

All theories have addressed education, it is generally apparent that the vehicular language may constitute a barrier to access to knowledge. Madagascar, in its history, has experienced the intervention of two foreign languages at school, in addition to the mother tongue: English in the 19th century, and French in the 20th century. There are different ideas as to their respective objectives: Europeans see them as a means of opening them up to modern civilisation, while Malagasy thinkers see them as a tool for building cultural hegemony and creating a situation of political and economic dependence. ; International audience All of theories having approached education, a lingua franca generally can establish obstacle in the access to knowledge. Besides the mother tongue, in his history, Madagascar experienced the intervention of two foreign languages in the country's schools : English in 19th century, and French in the 20th. Ways of thinking diverge about objectives : Europeans consider foreign languages as means of allowing the country to open the door to modern civilization, whereas the Malagasy people view them as a tool for establishing cultural hegemony in order to create a situation of political and economic dependence. ; All theories have addressed education, it is generally apparent that the vehicular language may constitute a barrier to access to knowledge. Madagascar, in its history, has experienced the intervention of two foreign languages at school, in addition to the mother tongue: English in the 19th century, and French in the 20th century. There are different ideas as to their respective objectives: Europeans see them as a means of opening them up to modern civilisation, while Malagasy thinkers see them as a tool for building cultural hegemony and creating a situation of political and economic dependence. ; De toutes les théories ayant abordé l'enseignement, il en ressort généralement que la langue véhiculaire peut constituer une entrave à l'accès au savoir. Madagascar, dans son histoire, a connu ...

International audience ; All of theories having approached education, a lingua franca generally can establish obstacle in the access to knowledge. Besides the mother tongue, in his history, Madagascar experienced the intervention of two foreign languages in the country's schools : English in 19th century, and French in the 20th. Ways of thinking diverge about objectives : Europeans consider foreign languages as means of allowing the country to open the door to modern civilization, whereas the Malagasy people view them as a tool for establishing cultural hegemony in order to create a situation of political and economic dependence. ; De toutes les théories ayant abordé l'enseignement, il en ressort généralement que la langue véhiculaire peut constituer une entrave à l'accès au savoir. Madagascar, dans son histoire, a connu l'intervention de deux langues étrangères à l'école, en plus de la langue maternelle : l'anglais au 19e siècle, et le français au 20e. Les idées divergent quant à leurs objectifs respectifs : les Européens les considèrent comme des moyens d'ouverture à la civilisation moderne tandis que les penseurs malgaches y perçoivent un outil pour asseoir une hégémonie culturelle, et instaurer une situation de dépendance politique et économique.

International audience ; All of theories having approached education, a lingua franca generally can establish obstacle in the access to knowledge. Besides the mother tongue, in his history, Madagascar experienced the intervention of two foreign languages in the country's schools : English in 19th century, and French in the 20th. Ways of thinking diverge about objectives : Europeans consider foreign languages as means of allowing the country to open the door to modern civilization, whereas the Malagasy people view them as a tool for establishing cultural hegemony in order to create a situation of political and economic dependence. ; De toutes les théories ayant abordé l'enseignement, il en ressort généralement que la langue véhiculaire peut constituer une entrave à l'accès au savoir. Madagascar, dans son histoire, a connu l'intervention de deux langues étrangères à l'école, en plus de la langue maternelle : l'anglais au 19e siècle, et le français au 20e. Les idées divergent quant à leurs objectifs respectifs : les Européens les considèrent comme des moyens d'ouverture à la civilisation moderne tandis que les penseurs malgaches y perçoivent un outil pour asseoir une hégémonie culturelle, et instaurer une situation de dépendance politique et économique.

Nineteenth-century highland Madagascar was a place inhabited by the dead as much as the living. Ghosts, ancestors and the possessed were important historical actors alongside local kings and queens, soldiers, traders and missionaries. This book considers the challenges that such actors pose for historical accounts of the past and for thinking about questions of presence and representation. How were the dead made present, and how were they recognized or not? In attending to these multifarious encounters of the nineteenth century, how might we reflect on the ways in which our own history-writing makes the dead present? To tackle these questions, Zoë Crossland tells an anthropological history of highland Madagascar from a perspective rooted in archaeology and Peircean semiotics, as well as in landscape study, oral history and textual sources

The text is divided into three parts: I. The contents of the results works entitled: PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FICUS REFLEXA THUMB. MORACEAE II. The restitution of the results works to the society III. Researchers problems I." PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FICUS REFLEXA THUMB. MORACEAE " This research concerns the bioactive plants to contribute in the fight against the infantile malnutrition in Madagascar. We chose this subject because we felt that the development depends on people activities. If people are malnourished, any development is possible. Like in many poor countries, Madagascar has a high infant mortality rate: This is 94 per 1000 children in 2006 in spite of the great campaign of vaccination and the many measures in the health field since many years. To solve this problem, since ten years, one of the ways carried out by the government is to urge the mothers to feed their babies by breastfeeding. Then the mothers must feed their babies only with their milk at each demand during the six first months. In this method, the problem is to provide enough milk in order to satisfy baby's needs in quantity and in quality. It depends on mothers 'nutrition. Many products are suggested but we were inclined towards an endemic plant of Madagascar which is very known by Malagasy people. ; Peer Reviewed

The text is divided into three parts: I. The contents of the results works entitled: PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FICUS REFLEXA THUMB. MORACEAE II. The restitution of the results works to the society III. Researchers problems I." PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FICUS REFLEXA THUMB. MORACEAE " This research concerns the bioactive plants to contribute in the fight against the infantile malnutrition in Madagascar. We chose this subject because we felt that the development depends on people activities. If people are malnourished, any development is possible. Like in many poor countries, Madagascar has a high infant mortality rate: This is 94 per 1000 children in 2006 in spite of the great campaign of vaccination and the many measures in the health field since many years. To solve this problem, since ten years, one of the ways carried out by the government is to urge the mothers to feed their babies by breastfeeding. Then the mothers must feed their babies only with their milk at each demand during the six first months. In this method, the problem is to provide enough milk in order to satisfy baby's needs in quantity and in quality. It depends on mothers 'nutrition. Many products are suggested but we were inclined towards an endemic plant of Madagascar which is very known by Malagasy people. ; Peer Reviewed

In this interview with Wendy Davies, a young Malagasy writer describes her attempts to write about some of the problems in her country faced by women, children and 'people who are virtual slaves'.

On the basis of research conducted in the Ankarana region of northern Madagascar, I discuss the speculating that Malagasy participants in the local sapphire trade do about foreign ecotourists who come to this region. Although some have been promoting international ecotourism in the region as a viable means to a sustainable future for local people and ecosystems, others, including many of the observers discussed here, see the rise of the ecotourist trade and the increasing presence of its clients in Ankarana as signs of foreigners' long‐standing interests in Malagasy resources. I argue that to understand the perspectives of these critical observers, it is necessary to appreciate what they take to be obvious about ecotourism and the conservation projects with which they are commonly associated.

Bats are eaten by people throughout Madagascar and although the larger species like Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, Rousettus madagascariensis and Hipposideros commersoni are preferred, small insectivorous bats are also eaten. The national hunting season for bats is widely ignored and both unsuitable hunting practices and high offtake represent a serious threat to bat populations in some areas. Bat bushmeat may be an important source of protein for Malagasy people during periods of food shortage but in general there are few data on the socioeconomic and cultural importance of bats. Fruit bats produce a single offspring per year and are therefore susceptible to over-hunting. Nevertheless, large roosts offer the possibility of community managed harvests to secure the colony and provide a source of meat but further research is needed before this can be considered. Roost sites also present the best focus for conservation and greater effort is needed to control hunting using existing legislation and flexible community-based solutions that are sensitive to the local context. The threat of pathogen transfer from bats to people is of growing concern as more bat species are identified as vectors of emergent viral diseases.RÉSUMÉLes gens consomment des chauves-souris partout à Madagascar et s'ils préfèrent les plus grandes espèces comme Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, Rousettus madagascariensis et Hipposideros commersoni, les petites chauves-souris insectivores sont également consommées. La période d'ouverture nationale de la chasse n'est généralement pas respectée et l'on assiste aussi bien à de mauvaises pratiques cynégétiques qu'à des prélèvements importants qui représentent une menace sérieuse pour les populations de chauves-souris dans certaines régions. Les chauves-souris peuvent constituer une source de protéines importante pour les populations villageoises pendant les périodes de soudure alimentaire mais en règle générale, il existe peu de données sur les valeurs socio-économiques ou culturelles des chauves - souris. Les chauves-souris frugivores ne produisent qu'un seul jeune par an, de sorte qu'elles sont sensibles à la pression de chasse bien que les grands dortoirs pourraient offrir l'occasion d'une exploitation gérée par la communauté pour assurer la sécurité des colonies et fournir une source de protéines mais de plus amples recherches sont nécessaires avant que cette alternative ne puisse être retenue. Les dortoirs constituent également les meilleures cibles des actions de protection de la nature et des efforts plus importants sont nécessaires pour contrôler la chasse en s'appuyant sur la législation nationale ainsi que sur des solutions locales plus souples et adaptées, basées sur la communauté. Les chauves-souris peuvent aussi transmettre des agents pathogènes et cette menace est une source d'inquiétude grandissante car de plus en plus d'espèces de chauves-souris ont été identifiées en tant que vecteurs de maladies virales émergentes.

Malagasy diaspora in France has many associations, but it's an exploded structure because of the lack of legitimacy. In this way, state actors take part in the organization of a tribune in order to push forward Malagasy diaspora. In October 2017, they organized the Forum de la diaspora malgache, which took place in Antananarivo with state actors, political actors, socio-economic actors and diaspora members. Organizers took social networks in order to promote the event. Nevertheless, people react differently. Major intercultural and international communication issues are minimized and Malagasy diaspora seems to have various meanings. In fact, there is a proletarian diaspora, an elitist diaspora but also a socio-economic diaspora. ; La diaspora malgache de la France métropolitaine (et d'ailleurs) est une diaspora active du point de vue associatif, mais éclatée, car sa légitimité reste controversée. En ce sens, des acteurs étatiques ont mis en place un forum dans l'optique de faire évoluer le statut de ladite diaspora. En octobre 2017 s'organise ainsi le Forum de la diaspora malgache, qui réunit des acteurs étatiques, politiques, socioéconomiques, mais aussi quelques membres de la diaspora malgache afin de débattre sur le statut de celle-ci. Les organisateurs investissent les réseaux socionumériques afin de promouvoir l'évènement. Néanmoins, force est de constater que les retombées auprès de la population restent disparates. Plus encore, les enjeux interculturels et internationaux semblent minimisés, dans la mesure où des représentations divergentes de la diaspora circulent. Il est question soit d'une diaspora prolétaire, soit d'une diaspora élitiste, soit d'une diaspora à visée essentiellement socioéconomique.