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The article discusses the politicisation of international politics and its effects on the legitimacy of international institutions. It is argued that a more complex understanding of the interplay of institutional and non-institutional practices of resistance is needed and that one has to draw from theories of international relations as well as from approaches from democratic heory to better understand the developments and its effects on the legitimacy of international institutions. The article proceeds by, first, reconstructing how research in IR has responded to the emergence of civil society critique, focusing in particular on the debate about inclusion through liberal governance mechanisms and the discussion of the regulatory power of counter-hegemonic actors in critical theories; it then turns to democratic theoretical approaches, in which the concept of "opposition" becomes a cipher for legitimate critique, yet the value of opposition and its form is determined very differently in different lines of thought. Finally, it is shown that the debate on the politicisation of international relations would particularly benefit from a republican understanding of politics, since the analytical focus and normative impetus lies in the relation between the visibly controversial nature of order and the creation of sites for opinion formation in civil society.

The security of the state and society, the security of the person are fundamental social values. Their existence and realization depend on the normal conduct of the state's activity in carrying out its tasks and functions. The regulation of social relations, the rule of law and discipline constitute true democratic values. The issue of public order and citizen safety is being raised in the European area, with a lot of topicality, and the concerns of decision-makers in this regard are increasingly evident, but also of citizens who find it increasingly difficult to accept the climate of insecurity. Therefore, at the heart of the public authorities' concerns is public order and citizen safety, as major benchmarks that condition the proper functioning of the competent state bodies.

The US invasion of Iraq catalyzed debate about the role of the UN & the norms underpinning the international system. Most commentators suggested that the failure to restrain US policy demonstrated the irrelevance of the UN & the weakness of principle when confronting power. Consensus held that US behavior undermined the existing normative order by reasserting more traditional power politics over the constraints of law & the expectation of cooperation. While it is true that the invasion defied expectations regarding the use of force, in other ways it upheld rather than contradicted international norms. The final outcome may actually reinforce the relevance of the UN & the role of principle in determining legitimacy, rather than heralding their demise. Adapted from the source document.

A reply to Roland Warren (see SA 2317/D3820), who had commented on the author's paper SA 2317/D3820. Warren's objections are discussed & some of them are at first accepted & then rejected esp those on the relevance of normative order. It is explained that the local normative order Walton referred to consists of collective evaluations, expectations, &/or reactions re behavior that affects or is intended to affect the local decision-making process (public policy). It is stated that Warren's simplification of the author's explanation would exclude important aspects of the process by which power arrangements are maintained & altered, & it would eliminate a number of theoretical possibilities that the propositions at the end of Walton's paper sought to establish. M. Maxfield.

Due to the nature of the international legal system, the International Court of Justice (icj) is regularly presented with new questions about which international law is unclear or to which it does not yet extend – and is thereby incomplete. The approach of the icj when faced with such gaps raises some fundamental questions about the nature of the international legal system and the judicial function of the icj. The purpose of this article is to revisit and the critically evaluate the issue of how the icj responds when faced with a gap or lacuna in the law.

Online anarchy? Far from it: as this study convincingly shows, norms matter online. In a tour de force, internet law expert Matthias C. Kettemann analyses the genesis, ontology, and legitimation of rule and rules on the internet. Innovatively, the study establishes the emergence of a normative order of the internet, an order that integrates norms materially and normatively connected to the use and development of the internet at three different levels (regional, national, international), of two types (privately and publicly authored), and of different character (from ius cogens to technical standards). Centrifugal forces contribute to normative redundancies ("normative froth"), real conflicts of norms between regulatory layers and geographically bounded normative spheres ("normative friction"), substantial structural problems ("normative fractures"), and political, commercial, and technological fragmentation of the internet. But these forces of normative disorder can be countered. As the study impressively shows, a normative turn has taken place on the internet. The rules on rule-making that have developed within the normative order of the internet explain, predict, and legitimize the creation of new norms through processes of self-learning normativity. These norms are then assessed for their internal coherence, consonance with other order norms, and consistency with the order's finality. The normative order of the internet is based on and produces a liquefied system characterized by self-learning normativity. Thus a theory of normativity ("of the law") that goes back to Kant needs to be fundamentally rethought: with norm-based self-organization as the principle of life that enables the transcendental constitution of normativityon the internet.

There is order on the internet, but how has this order emerged and what challenges will threaten and shape its future? This study shows how a legitimate order of norms has emerged online, through both national and international legal systems. It establishes the emergence of a normative order of the internet, an order which explains and justifies processes of online rule and regulation. This order integrates norms at three different levels (regional, national, international), of two types (privately and publicly authored), and of different character (from ius cogens to technical standards). The author assesses their internal coherence, their consonance with other order norms and their consistency with the order's finality. The normative order of the internet is based on and produces a liquefied system characterized by self-learning normativity. In light of the importance of the socio-communicative online space, this is a book for anyone interested in understanding the contemporary development of the internet."