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The book focusses on questions of individual and collective action, the emergence and dynamics of social norms and the feedback between individual behaviour and social phenomena. It discusses traditional modelling approaches to social norms and shows the usefulness of agent-based modelling for the study of these micro-macro interactions. Existing agent-based models of social norms are discussed and it is shown that so far too much priority has been given to parsimonious models and questions of the emergence of norms, with many aspects of social norms, such as norm-change, not being modelled.

Enthält: DIN 8062:2009 ; DIN 8063-1:1986 ; DIN 8063-12:1987 ; DIN 8074:1999 ; DIN 16450:1994 ; DIN 16868-1:1994 ; DIN 16869-1:1995 ; DIN 16893:2000 ; DIN 16893:2001 [Berichtigung 1] ; DIN 16895:1996 ; DIN 16963-1:1980 ; DIN 16963-11:1999 ; DIN 16963-13:1980 ; DIN 16963-14:1983 ; DIN 16963-15:1987 ; DIN 16963-2:1983 ; DIN 16963-3:1980 ; DIN 16963-4:1988 ; DIN 16963-6:1989 ; DIN 16963-7:1989 ; DIN 16963-8:1980 ; DIN 16963-9:1980 ; DIN CEN TS 14578:2003 [Vornorm] ; DIN EN 681-1:2006 ; DIN EN 764-1:2004 ; DIN EN 764-2:2002 ; DIN EN 1452-1:1999 ; DIN EN 1452-2:1999 ; DIN EN 1452-3:1999 ;

The book focusses on questions of individual and collective action, the emergence and dynamics of social norms and the feedback between individual behaviour and social phenomena. It discusses traditional modelling approaches to social norms and shows the usefulness of agent-based modelling for the study of these micro-macro interactions. Existing agent-based models of social norms are discussed and it is shown that so far too much priority has been given to parsimonious models and questions of the emergence of norms, with many aspects of social norms, such as norm-change, not being modelled.

Abstract:Finnemore and Sikkink's norms life cycle model (NLCM) is a powerful heuristic device that continues to be a mandatory point of reference for theoretical and empirical scholarship on norm change. Yet the internalisation stage as conceptualised in the NLCM is problematic. Drawing from Wiener's Theory of Contestation, this article proposes to reconceptualise the norm internalisation stage as the phase at the extreme of the norm cascade in which inherently contested norms simultaneously enjoy formal validity, social recognition, and cultural validation among stakeholders. Unlike Finnemore and Sikkink's, this conceptualisation focuses solely on norm validity and does not assume 'almost automatic' compliance. While Finnemore and Sikkink emphasise habit and institutionalisation as mechanisms of internalisation, the proposed conceptualisation highlights the role of applicatory contestation under conditions of high contestedness. Furthermore, I argue that internalised norms continue to be contested. Finally, my conceptualisation explicitly incorporates norm regression as the fourth stage of the NLCM. Norms might regress because they become obsolete, they change, or they are replaced. To assess the descriptive power of the proposed conceptualisation vis-à-vis Finnemore and Sikkink's, the article applies them to the analysis of the norm that prohibits torture.

Enthält: DIN 55350-11:2008 ; DIN 55350-12:1989 ; DIN 55350-13:1987 ; DIN 55350-14:1985 ; DIN 55350-15:1986 ; DIN 55350-17:1988 ; DIN 55350-18:1987 ; DIN 55350-21:1982 ; DIN 55350-22:1987 ; DIN 55350-23:1983 ; DIN 55350-24:1982 ; DIN 55350-31:1985 ; DIN 55350-33:1993 ; DIN EN ISO 9000:2005 ; DIN ISO 3534-1:2009 ; DIN ISO 11843-1:2004

"Values are the driving force of every normalisation; the norm is value solidified into obligation." This work analyses the relation between values and norms in a width and depth not previously seen. Fundamental issues of legal theory and legal philosophy are answered using a general theory on values and moral concepts, value thinking and value language, and combined into a closed edifice of ideas. The author consistently positions himself as a subjectivist and relativist by first rejecting absolute and objective value theories as unprovable and subsequently postulates a provability of legal and moral norms that is exclusively relative. The result is a moderately legal positive approach which does not regard justice as a necessary conceptual component of law, but which views it as a target value of legislation and legal practice.

The subject of a formerly strong norm's death is not often in the limelight of political science research. This paper investigates successful norm challenges and analyses the conditions that lead to the abolition of norms rather than to limitations of the norms. It presents a theoretical account of norm challenges and develops hypotheses on mechanisms, success and outcomes. Six illustrative case studies show that norm contestations take place through non-compliance when norms are not embedded in international negotiation systems, while norm contestations through negotiation are frequently the case if norms are embedded in international regimes or organizations. Irrespective of the institutional context, the strength of norm challengers relative to norm proponents impacts the prospects for successful normative change. If norm challengers are stronger than the actors defending the status quo, the outcome of norm challenges is influenced by the combination of norm precision and the stability of the normative environment. If the broader context undergoes change while the contested norm is precise, norms cannot be reinterpreted to accommodate norm change. As a result, in such instances, norms die. By contrast, vague norms in combination with stable environments are not abolished after being subject to strong challenges, but are merely reinterpreted in a manner delimiting their applicatory scope.