Suchergebnisse

Der Autor geht in seinem Beitrag davon aus, daß wir in der real existierenden maschinellen Technik einen gesellschaftlichen Realitätsbereich haben, der weder in "Natur" noch "Handeln" auflösbar ist. Er sucht eine Annäherung an gegenständliche Technik und damit ihre Implikationen für gesellschaftliche Entwicklung über die Kategorie "technische Normen" zu bewerkstelligen. Folgende Fragen sind dabei leitend: Wie kann man technische Normen soziologisch bestimmen? Kann man vermeiden, das, was "technische Systeme von selbst tun", soziologisch auszublenden oder als nicht-sozial auszuklammern? Fazit seiner Ausführungen ist, daß technische Systeme am besten als externalisierte, in die naturale Basis des gesellschaftlichen Prozesses eingeschriebene soziale Strukturen aufzufassen sind. Wichtig ist weiterhin der Sachverhalt, daß Komplexe von Gerätschaften in der Regel immer gleichzeitig in sehr vielen menschlichen Handlungszusammenhängen vorkommen. Der Aufdeckung dieser "multiplen Integriertheit technischer Systeme" dient die Analyse technischer Normen als die "institutionelle Struktur von Maschinerien". (BE)

IntroductionThe right to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is an essential part of the right to health and is dependent upon substantive equality, including freedom from multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination that result in exclusion in both law and practice. Nonetheless, general and specific SRH needs of women living with HIV are often not adequately addressed. For example, services that women living with HIV need may not be available or may have multiple barriers, in particular stigma and discrimination. This study was conducted to review United Nations Human Rights Council, Treaty Monitoring Bodies and Special Rapporteur reports and regional and national mechanisms regarding SRH issues of women living with HIV. The objective is to assess areas of progress, as well as gaps, in relation to health and human rights considerations in the work of these normative bodies on health and human rights.MethodsThe review was done using keywords of international, regional and national jurisprudence on findings covering the 2000 to 2014 period for documents in English; searches for the Inter‐American Commission on Human Rights and national judgments were also conducted in Spanish. Jurisprudence of UN Treaty Monitoring Bodies, regional mechanisms and national bodies was considered in this regard.Results and discussionIn total, 236 findings were identified using the search strategy, and of these 129 were selected for review based on the inclusion criteria. The results highlight that while jurisprudence from international, regional and national bodies reflects consideration of some health and human rights issues related to women living with HIV and SRH, the approach of these bodies has been largely ad hoc and lacks a systematic integration of human rights concerns of women living with HIV in relation to SRH. Most findings relate to non‐discrimination, accessibility, informed decision‐making and accountability. There are critical gaps on normative standards regarding the human rights of women living with HIV in relation to SRH.ConclusionsA systematic approach to health and human rights considerations related to women living with HIV and SRH by international, regional and national bodies is needed to advance the agenda and ensure that policies and programmes related to SRH systematically take into account the health and human rights of women living with HIV.

Enthält: DIN 33430:2002 ; DIN 77200:2002 ; DIN 77400:2003 ; DIN 77600:2004 ; DIN 77700:2006 ; DIN 77800:2006 ; DIN EN 12522-1:1998 ; DIN EN 12522-2:1998 ; DIN EN 13549:2001 ; DIN EN 13809:2003 ; DIN EN 13816:2002 ; DIN EN 14153-1:2004 ; DIN EN 14153-2:2004 ; DIN EN 14153-3:2004 ; DIN EN 14413-1:2004 ; DIN EN 14413-2:2004 ; DIN EN 14467:2004 ; DIN EN 14804:2005 ; DIN EN 14873-1:2005 ; DIN EN 14873-2:2005 ; DIN EN 15017:2006 ; DIN EN 15038:2006 ; DIN EN 15140:2006 ; DIN EN ISO 18513:2003 ; DIN ISO 20252:2006 ; DIN ISO 22222:2006 ; PAAS 1055:2006 ; PAS 1037:2004

reference concepts (law, standard, value, rule, principle) ; les concepts de référence (loi, norme, valeur, règle, principe)

Norms and standards are indispensable for the success of the economy's digital transformation, even as their applications become more and more complex. This book sheds light on relevant findings from standards research, participation in standardization consortia, certification, and other important aspects and condenses them into specific recommendations.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to focus on the material conditions of peoples' daily lives by investigating changes in the self-perceived necessities of ten technology- and leisure-related consumer goods and services between 1999 and 2009. The authors also look at the socio-demographic predictors of the perceptions and the development of the ownership of the goods under investigation.Design/methodology/approach– The data are derived from surveys "Finland – Consumption and way of life" 1999 (N=2,417), 2004 (N=3,574), and 2009 (N=1,202). The statistical analysis methods include ANOVA and descriptive statistics. Also official statistics are used.Findings– Many technological goods, in particular, have become necessities for most people, and the ownership rates have increased notably. Age, type of household, place of residence and gender affected the necessity of most items. Income affected the necessity of expensive goods and services.Practical implications– The ways goods become social decencies does not always follow economic rationalities or are explained by conventional socio-economic determinants. The meaning of life course stage and related daily practices are probably more important than is usually recognized in social studies. Particularly many ICT goods become socially perceived necessities soon after their emergence, which changes the perceptions of adequate living standards, affecting thus the definition of "basic needs" and related social policy.Originality/value– The perceptions of necessities and other measures of living standards have been mainly looked at from the viewpoint of poverty and income. This study explains the perceived necessity of goods and services by several socio-demographic variables.