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In this article, we test Putnam's claim that online interactions are unable to foster social capital by examining the formation of bridging and bonding social capital in online networks. Using Burt's concepts of closure and brokerage as indicators, we observe networks formed through online interactions and test them against several theoretical models. We test Putnam's claim using Twitter data from three events: the Occupy movement in 2011, the IF Campaign in 2013, and the Chilean Presidential Election of the same year. Our results provide the first evidence that online networks are able to produce the structural features of social capital. In the case of bonding social capital, online ties are more effective in forming close networks than theory predicts. However, bridging social capital is observed under certain conditions, for example, in the presence of organizations and professional brokers. This latter finding provides additional evidence for the argument that social capital follows similar patterns online and offline.

Social media and our political and economic lives -- Social media and social justice in the digital age -- Social media power in #Ferguson -- Affected and effective: @Blacklivesmattercincy -- Political discourse on social media, twitter trolls and hashtag hijacking -- Election 2016: trolling in the twittersphere and gaming the system -- Fake news, bots and doublespeak -- The political economy of social media networks, social justice, and truth -- Social justice, national cultural politics, and the summer of 2020 -- Conclusions: the political economy of social media and social justice.

This article provides an empirical examination of how online social networks affect subjective well‐being, namely enquiring if networks mediate the effect of personality on subjective well‐being of the individuals who use those networks. We use the theories of complementarity of face‐to‐face and online networks, preferential attachment, and the "Big Five Personality Traits" to test the following hypothesis: Given that online and offline networks complement each other as integrative factors that generate happiness, greater use of online networks would imply greater happiness. We also hypothesize that networks mediate the effect of personality on subjective well‐being. Data was compiled from interviews of 4,922 people aged 18 years and older, carried out by the Centre for Sociological Research of Spain in 2014 and 2016. The results confirm the hypothesis and show how online networks, when controlled for personality traits, have a significant and even greater effect on subjective well‐being than face‐to‐face networks.

Although literature exists on the methodological development of autoethnographers in the classroom context, little has been written about achieving such development in online networks of dispersed individuals, and the social psychological difficulties between senior members of such networks that might ensue. This conversational autoethnography developed after Alec Grant, the first author, angrily withdrew by email from the South Coast Autoethnography Network (SCAN). Since its inception in 2013, the hub, or centre of operating activity of SCAN has historically been mostly shared between a small number of academics working in, or associated with, Sussex University and the University of Brighton in the south coast of England. With around 65 participants, SCAN aims to facilitate the development of autoethnographers, with many of its members inexperienced in the approach to differing degrees. In their conversational exchange, the authors explore, respond to, and try to make sense of and resolve, the tensions that developed in the group before and after Alec's withdrawal from it. The authors believe that this article captures many of the interpersonal difficulties that might inevitably arise between senior members, in autoethnographic networks internationally. They therefore hope that it will serve as a useful resource for individual readers and network groups.

This brief textbook explains the principles of social network analysis. The book goes beyond theoretical concepts and gives the reader complete knowledge about how to apply analytical techniques using Pajek to perform a large-scale network analysis. The book covers the topic in 2 sections - the first detailing fundamentals of research design and the next one about methods and applications

Contemporary information and communication technologies (ICTs) have given rise to networked communities useful in organizing, coordinating, supporting and maintaining 'real life' activism. This article examines the campus living wage movement among college students in the United States to identify a networked activist community, its key components and the consequences for its members. A refinement of Howard's network ethnography approach serves as a mixed methods design strategy. A network analysis of hyperlinks revealed the structure of the network, while member interviews were used to discuss the importance of such connections. The findings revealed the importance of ICTs in maintaining a movement through the creation of an unintentional networked community in times of both mobilization and latency. Notably, the resultant network has allowed the campus living wage movement to overcome previous limitations inherit in student protest, and sustained the campus struggle through several student generations.

The development of information technology that is increasingly accelerating does not give anyone the opportunity to think beyond what has been created and used by the wider community. Even controlling the factors exceeding their use, often escapes the reach of stakeholders and policy makers. All online activities can be observed and logged. But, in the global era, where information technology cannot be controlled, the distribution of each one personal information become serious problem. This research reveals the information technology impact that threatens the media social users for unsecured and unprotected privacy. The problem faced in all around of the world today is a security problem that is still very impulsive in handling it. People tend to hide their personal information for their own privacy and safety. This paper is using the scope of technological determinism McLuhan as the key to history and social change. This uses library research methods to gather information from any related resources in order to support either deny the fact of its reality. Individual social media users who are in the group of Mark Zuckerberg companies do not have the privacy with proper and safe protection. There is a need to re-enforce the regulations by the policymakers to protect Indonesian citizens, especially after the establishment of the National Cyber and Code Agency (BSSN). Thus, the government role plays an important share in the process of the development of ICT, and should not leave the policies behind for not way too late to be set.

We predict that people with different political orientations will exhibit systematically different levels of political homophily, the tendency to associate with others similar to oneself in political ideology. Research on personality differences across the political spectrum finds that both more conservative and more politically extreme individuals tend to exhibit greater orientations towards cognitive stability, clarity, and familiarity. We reason that such a "preference for certainty" may make these individuals more inclined to seek out the company of those who reaffirm, rather than challenge, their views. Since survey studies of political homophily face well‐documented methodological challenges, we instead test this proposition on a large sample of politically engaged users of the social‐networking platform Twitter, whose ideologies we infer from the politicians and policy nonprofits they follow. As predicted, we find that both more extreme and more conservative individuals tend to be more homophilous than more liberal and more moderate ones.

Intro -- Series Editors' Foreword -- Preface: Social Media, Cooperation and Civic Engagement -- References -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Tables -- 1: Introduction: Peace 2.0: Social Media as an Interactive and Participatory Space for Sustainable Peace Education -- References -- 2: A Group of Youth Learn Why and How to Disrupt Online Discourses and Social Media Propaganda Around Syrian Refugees -- Introduction -- Youth Versus News on Social Media -- Gap in the Civic Education Curriculum -- Methodology -- Discussion and Findings -- Knowledge of Oneself -- First, participants filter online posts about the Syrian refugee crisis before reading them -- Second, participants recognize the image of Syrian refugees the public is led to believe by the media -- Third, participants construct an image of the anti-Syrian refugee Canadians (ASRC) based on social media content and behaviours -- Fourth, participants identify factors that potentially influence attitudes towards refugees -- Fifth, participants' online passiveness results from perceived barriers online -- Developed skills: Critical thinking and empathy -- From briefed bystanders to influential agents of change: Participants realize that they can and must disrupt the online discourses around Syrian refugees -- Conclusion -- References -- 3: Finding Ways to Connect: Potential Role of Social Media in Peace Education -- Challenges to Dialogue in a Traditional Classroom Setting -- Key Considerations Before Using Social Media for Peace Education -- Reinforces Existing Viewpoints -- Promotes Shallow Communication -- Supports Epistemological, Linguistic and Technological Hegemony -- The Affordances of Social Media for Intergroup Communication -- Compatibility with Critical-Dialogical Learning Processes -- Facilitates Access to Multiple and Non-dominant Perspectives and Ways of Knowing.