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Part one. The asylum era: Mausoleums of the mad -- Disposing of degenerates -- Psychobiology -- Freud visits America -- The germ of madness -- Body and mind -- Shocking the brain -- The checkered career of electroconvulsive therapy -- Brain surgery -- Selling psychosurgery -- The end of the affair -- Part two. Disturbed minds: Creating a new psychiatry -- Talk therapy -- War -- Professional transformations -- A fragile hegemony -- Part three. A psychiatric revolution: The birth of psychopharmacology -- Community care -- Diagnosing mental illness -- The complexities of psychopharmacology -- Genetics, neuroscience, and the origins of mental illness -- The crisis of contemporary psychiatry -- Epilogue: Does psychiatry have a future?

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Contributors -- INTRODUCTION -- THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPECIAL EDUCATION -- 1. EQUAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND EMPLOYMENT FOR MENTALLY RETARDED PERSONS -- 2. AMBIVALENCE OF ATTITUDE TO THE MENTALLY RETARDED -- 3. THE ETHICS OF DE-INSTITUTIONALISATION AND AFTERWARDS -- 4. MENTAL RETARDATION AND PATERNALIST CONTROL -- 5. PSYCHOSURGERY AND THE MENTALLY RETARDED -- 6. CAN WE AVOID ASSIGNING GREATER VALUE TO SOME HUMAN LIVES THAN TO OTHERS? -- 7. INFANTICIDE -- 8. LONG DAYS JOURNEYS INTO NIGHT: THE TRAGEDY OF THE HANDICAPPED AT RISK INFANT -- 9. GENETICS AND MENTAL RETARDATION -- 10. MENTAL RETARDATION AND GENETIC ENGINEERING -- 11. RIGHTS, INTERESTS, AND MENTAL HANDICAP

The California legislature enacted tight constraints on the use of psychosurgery and electroconvulsive therapy in 1974. In April 1976 a State Court of Appeals declared part of the law to be unconstitutional. In doing so, the court enunciated several principles for regulating medical procedures. It affirmed the inherent police powers which permit the state to safeguard the public, especially incompetent, involuntary or confined persons, with respect to intrusive and hazardous medical procedures and to procedures which affect thought or feeling. Although limited to legislation concerning two psychiatric procedures, the court's decision, and subsequently enacted legislation governing these procedures, has implications for other medical procedures and for other parts of the nation.

Do technologies advance our self-identities, as they do our bodies, cognitive skills, and the next developmental stage called postpersonal? Did we already manage to be fully human, before becoming posthuman? Are we doomed to disintegration and episodic selfhood? This book examines the impact of radical technopoiesis on our selves from a multidisciplinary perspective, including the health humanities, phenomenology, the life sciences and humanoid AI (artificial intelligence) ethics. Surprisingly, our body representations show more plasticity than scholarly concepts and sociocultural narratives. Our embodied selves can withstand transplants, bionic prostheses and radical somatechnics, but to remain autonomous and authentic, our agential potentials must be strengthened – and this is not through 'psychosurgery' and the brain–computer interface.

Psychiatry, psychology and social work should serve as enhancers of freedom, but in certain circumstances they constitute a danger to the freedom of individuals and groups in society. Psychiatrists in the Soviet Union have served as punishers of dissent, and others, in various parts of the world, have been involved in abuses of psychosurgery. Psychologists have participated in dubious uses of aversion therapy and have applied their scientific knowledge to designing and implementing advanced torture techniques. Those psychiatrists and psychologists who sell their skills to the highest bidder, without regard for humankind, are termed PSYCHOCRATS. Social work does not constitute a direct danger to freedom but has generally failed to act as an enhancer of freedom for the poor and powerless.

A new school of psychiatry has little by little sapped psychoanalysis of all its potential for development. To understand how it gained sway, it's less important to rehearse theoretical debates than to examine the practices & training that dictate the way in which doctors see patients. The chronicity that determined psychiatric practice up to World War II gave way to a psychiatry of (controllable/uncontrollable) behavior, which began with psychosurgery (lobotomies) & culminated in the rampant proliferation of psychotropes, from 1952 to the present day, to treat everything from schizophrenia to behavioral disorders. The upshot was the emergence of "biology light" & "psychology light," which are endowed with arresting powers of endless reorganization. The recent catchall diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity in children & adolescents should be seen in this context. Adapted from the source document.

In this paper, the second of two, we consider the capacity of those assessed with respect to their ability to consent to admission to also consent to their treatment with medication. The results of our assessment of capacity to consent to admission are described in our first paper along with the policy background to the study. In comparison to admission decisions, for treatment decisions there is an extensive body of literature and case law that provides guidance on the key principles. In English law (i.e. the law in England and Wales) the wishes of a competent adult offered treatment for a physical disorder must be respected. However, with treatment for a mental disorder the decision of a competent person to withhold consent can still be lawfully overridden using mental health legislation if the health or safety of the person concerned is at risk, or if it is necessary for the protection of others. At present for those detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 capacity has only to be considered in two situations. First, when psychosurgery or the surgical implantation of hormones to reduce male sexual drive is proposed (section 57 of the MHA), and secondly, when treatment for a physical disorder is required. However, treatment for a mental disorder has been increasingly widely defined, for example, to include forced feeding.

Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- Part I: Development and History of Neuroethics -- 1: Section Introduction: Development and History of Neuroethics -- References -- 2: Nudging Toward Neuroethics: Prehistory and Foundations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Mapping the Brain -- 2.2.1 Electroencephalography -- 2.2.2 Electroconvulsive Therapy -- 2.3 The Silent Brain -- 2.3.1 Frontal Lobotomy -- 2.3.2 Persistent Coma: Henry Beecher and Pope Pius XII -- 2.3.3 The President's Commission: Defining Death -- 2.4 The Brain in Living Motion -- 2.4.1 Brain Imaging -- 2.4.2 Phineas Gage and Brain Damage -- 2.5 Neuroethics -- 2.5.1 Whither Now? -- References -- 3: The Evolution of Neuroethics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Neuroimaging -- 3.2.1 Incidental Findings and Brain Privacy -- 3.2.2 Neuroimaging Limitations and Culpability -- 3.3 The New Psychosurgery -- 3.3.1 Informed Consent -- 3.3.2 Autonomy -- 3.4 Enhancement: Cognitive and Moral -- 3.4.1 Cognitive Enhancement -- 3.4.2 Moral Enhancement -- 3.5 Chronic Disorders of Consciousness -- 3.5.1 Diagnostic Criteria -- 3.5.2 Prognostic Uncertainty -- 3.6 Conclusion: Future Directions -- References -- 4: Toward a Pragmatic Neuroethics in Theory and Practice -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Preludes and Prevention -- 4.3 Watershed Decisions -- 4.4 Apprehending Aphasia -- 4.5 Prognostication and the Uncertain Self -- 4.6 Preferences, Personal Identity, and Loss -- 4.7 Why the Disconnect Between Neuroethics and Clinical Ethics? -- 4.8 What Is to Be Done? -- References -- 5: Born Free: The Theory and Practice of Neuroethical Exceptionalism -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 A Future-Oriented Discipline -- 5.3 Neuroethical Exceptionalism -- 5.4 "The Idea That a Person Is His or Her Brain" -- 5.5 A Concluding Reflection -- References

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1-An Overview of the Mental Health-Criminal Justice Nexus -- Introduction -- Mental Health: An Introduction to Disorders, Prevalence, and Common Terminology -- Intersections of Criminal Justice and Mental Health: Forensic/Justice-Involved PwMI -- Service Utilization/Treatment Engagement -- Competing Interests? Challenges in Managing Justice-Involved PwMI -- Take-Home Message -- Chapter 2-Historical Responses to Mental Illness -- Advancements in Psychosurgery -- Introduction -- Societal Responses to Mental Illness: Thematic Eras -- Take-Home Message -- Chapter 3-The Sequential Intercept Model -- Introduction -- Why Diversion? -- Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System: An Integrative Framework -- Take-Home Message -- Chapter 4-Foundations of Mental Health and Substance Abuse -- Community Mental Health Act -- Introduction -- Comprehensive Assessment -- Mental Health Disorders -- Substance Use Disorders -- Co-occurring Disorders -- Working with Juveniles -- Medication Management -- Case Examples -- Sidebar: My Experience -- Take-Home Message -- Chapter 5-Intercept One: Police-Citizen Encounters -- Introduction -- Police as First Responders -- Specialized Police Responses to Crisis Events -- Additional Complexities of LEO-Citizen Encounters: Responding to Special Populations -- The Mental Health and Well-Being of Police -- Take-Home Message -- Chapter 6-Intercept Two: Pretrial Issues, Adjudication, and Sentencing/Jail -- Introduction -- Post-Booking Diversion: An Overview -- Diversion Strategies -- Determining Diversion Program Effectiveness -- Processing and Disposition -- Take-Home Message -- Chapter 7-Intercept Three: Secure Confinement and Court -- Introduction -- Part One: Beyond Initial Detention-PwMI Incarcerated.

A look at mental health in the future reveals several dimensions: the pulpit or role of the predictor; the time frame, usually centering around the annual budget presentation to the Congress; the definition of mental health, a perennial and difficult subject; and methodology, the model used to look into the future. Until recently, in the mental health field, we have had to deal with the interplay of two forces: knowledge and politics. Now, we must also consider the ethics and values of our actions. As we look to the future, this interplay be tween power and politics, on the one hand, and science or sub stance on the other, has evolved from a bi-polar to a tri-polar view. We must build into the leadership, decision making and governance of our work the capability to deal with, not only the scientific and political issues, but the issues of ethics and values. This sensitivity is especially necessary now, as we contemplate such issues as: psychosurgery and the protection of individual rights in human experimentation; television and violence; marihuana and health; and the scientific aspects of crime and anti-social behavior. Our success in coping with these, and other issues, will depend on our ability to blend politics, science and systems with the demands of ethics and values. The future, as the present, depends on ethics and values to maintain the checks and balances between science and politics.

Introduction and principles of bioethics / Ian Kerridge -- Models and methods in ethics / Cara Sedney -- The concept and implementation of values based medicine (VsBM) in neurosurgery / Ahmed Ammar & Tiit Mathiesen -- The three functions of consent in neurosurgery / Cameron Stewart & Ian Kerridge -- Withholding and withdrawing medical treatment : legal, ethical and practical considerations / Cameron Stewart, Tiit Mathiesen and Ahmed Ammar -- Surgical training / Magnus Tisell and Naci Balak -- The aging surgeon / Stephen Honeybul and Gene Bolles -- Healthcare economics / Naci Balak and Magnus Tisell -- Patient data, ownership, storage, and social media / David Cote and Timothy Smith -- Historical overview of ethics in neurosurgery / Cara Sedney -- Evidence-based neurosurgery : principles, applicability & challenges / Ignatius Esene -- Ethical challenges of neurosurgical care for brain tumour patients / Marike Broekman, Alexander Hulsbergen and Timothy Smith -- Severe traumatic brain injury / Stephen Honeybul, Kwok Ho and Grant Gillett -- "Malignant" middle cerebral artery infarction / Stephen Honeybul, Volker Puetz and Lars-Peder Pallesen -- Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage / Stephen Honeybul & Albert Chui -- Paediatric neurosurgery / Naci Balak & Ulrika Sandvik -- Spinal neurosurgery / Cara Sedney -- Ethical challenges in psychosurgery : a new start or more of the same? / Paul A. Komesaroff and Jeffrey Rosenfeld -- Brain death and organ donation / George Skowronski and Ian Kerridge -- Ethical aspects of innovation in neurosurgery / Mario Ammirati, Jeffrey Rosenfeld and Alexander Hulsbergen -- Stem cells and brain repair : ethical considerations / Ivar Mendez -- Brain machine-interface technology in neurosurgery / Jeffrey Rosenfeld & Marike Broekman -- International neurosurgery / Ann Mansur & Mark Bernstein -- Live televised surgery / Eiichi Ishikawa, Nobuyuki Sakai, Stephen Honeybul.

As in many Western countries, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is already being used daily in Japan to clinically treat neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. Additionally, in both Europe and the United States, numerous case reports as well as multicenter randomized controlled trials have examined its use for treatment-refractory mental illnesses such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder. Based on a number of the reports, the European Union (EU) and the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted limited approval of DBS for treatment-resistant OCD in 2009. Furthermore, a systematic review and meta-analysis in 2015 showed that DBS therapy for patients with treatment-resistant OCD had efficacy and was safe. Unlike the EU and the USA, DBS is not used to treat OCD or other psychiatric disorders in Japan, even though people with treatment-resistant OCD and their physicians and families urgently need additional treatments. This situation results from the "Resolution of total denial for psychosurgery," which the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology adopted in 1975. We believe that the appropriateness of using DBS for treating psychiatric disorders including OCD should be considered after thorough discussion and consideration based on accurate and objective understanding. Currently, the field of psychiatry in Japan seems to lack scientific consideration as well as scientific understanding in this area. Under these circumstances, we hope that this review article will help psychiatrists and other relevant parties in Japan to gain an accurate and scientific understanding of DBS.

A look at mental health in the future reveals several dimensions: the pulpit or role of the predictor; the time frame, usually centering around the annual budget presentation to the Congress; the definition of mental health, a perennial & difficult subject, & methodology, the model used to look into the future. Until recently, in the mental model used to look into the future. Until recently, in the mental health field, we have had to deal with the interplay of 2 forces: health field, we have had to deal with the interplay of 2 forces: knowledge & pol. Now, we must also consider the ethics & values of our actions. As we look to the future, this interplay between power & pol, on the one hand, & sci or substance on the other, has evolved from a bi-polar to a tri-polar view. We must build into the leadership, decision making & governance of our work the capability to deal with, not only the sci'fic & pol'al issues, but the issues of ethics & values. This sensitivity is esp necessary now, as we contemplate such issues as: psychosurgery & the protection of individual rights in human exp'tion; TV & violence; marijuana & health; & the sci'fic aspects of crime & anti-soc behavior. Our success in coping with these, & other issues, will depend on our ability to blend pol, sci, & systems with the demands of ethics & values. The future, as the present, depends on ethics & values to maintain the checks & balances between sci & pol. HA.

The iconic image of the lunatic asylum is one that often leaves us wondering what went on inside these imposing buildings.In this new book, Juliana Cummings first questions what behaviours and characteristics define insanity and leads us through a comprehensive history of insanity and the asylum from the early treatment and care of mental illness in the Middle Ages and early modern period through to the closure of mental institutions in the twentieth century.Throughout the years, we learn of how the treatments and institutional structures for caring for the mentally ill developed and changed. The Age of Enlightenment and the rise of humanitarian reform was followed by the emergence of the insane asylum in the 1800s, which saw the beginning of the widespread constructions of asylums.We explore the different reasons for admittance, as well as the vast array of treatments. It shows that your treatment as an inmate of an asylum could vary depending on your gender and your social class.Although once thought of as criminals, the mentally ill were gradually treated with care. Juliana discusses the different treatments used over time as attitudes towards the mentally ill changed, such as drug use, psychosurgery and insulin therapy. We learn of the regulations and reforms that led to the closure of asylums, how their closure affected society and consider how the mentally ill are treated today.This insightful new history helps us to better understand the haunting past of the asylum and leads us down a fascinating road to where we come to an understanding of a time in history that is often mistaken