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AbstractStudies analyzing the pattern of international refugee flows have so far focussed on movements to OECD destinations, even though the vast majority of refugees live in non‐OECD countries. Employing a standard gravity model of international migration, we fill this research gap by investigating the impact of destination country characteristics on south‐south refugee movements over the period 2004–2019. Our findings suggest that refugees tend to move to safe neighboring countries but also positively respond to local pull factors such as relatively high per‐capita income levels and the availability of education and health services when choosing their country of destination. Donors have the ability to affect the direction of south‐south refugee movements by investing in the social infrastructure of potential destination countries.

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of migrant integration policies set by destination countries on migration from 202 origins to 27 destinations during the period 2010–2018. Employing a structural gravity methodology which features international and domestic (i.e., intra‐national) migration flows, it shows that migrant integration policies, on average, positively affect cross‐border migration relative to domestic migration. Moving from the 25th percentile to the median of the variable summarizing migrant integration policies increases cross‐border relative to domestic migration by one third. Such impact is largely driven by policies on family reunion and permanent residence.

Summary
Entrepreneurship related research has developed rapidly during the recent decades. It is of interest for every country in the European Union to foster increase of newly created enterprises and thus employment and economic dynamism. The main goal of this paper is centred on motivational factors that contribute to people's involvement in business in Latvia. At first, the article looks at the development of factors that influence entrepreneurial motivation in context of push and pull theoretical framework. Subsequently, the analysis of an empirical study is carried out. The study analyzes factors that promote or hinder starting a business in context of push and pull framework. The results offer important conclusions regarding the main motivators for starting a business. Majority of the existing and potential entrepreneurs are motivated by the pull factors (i.e., appropriate character, skills and knowledge, willingness to support their family members or earn more). The motivation can be further triggered by the push factors, such as tax benefits or favourable business legislation. Nevertheless, the push factors alone cannot boost creation of new enterprises as operate in tandem with the pull factors.

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the push and pull factors that influence Thai immigrant entrepreneurs (TIEs) to conduct a business in Malaysia. As a neighbouring country, Malaysia is one of the favourite migration destinations for TIEs, with an influx of them involved in restaurant businesses across the country. This phenomenon offers this study with an unconventional background for immigrant entrepreneurship as it occurs within the context of developing, non-Western countries. Methodology: Outlined by previous studies on push and pull factors of immigration and immigrant entrepreneurship, this research employed a qualitative approach focusing on the experiences of six TIEs operating Thai/Siamese restaurants in Bandar Baru Bangi, a town located approximately 30km south of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia. Data were collected mainly through face-to-face interviews among owners of restaurants in their premises, which ensures richness in the data. Findings: The findings indicated several categories of business-based emigration factors for TIEs to Malaysia, spanning from economic, political, and social factors. Contributions: Overall, the present research extends the knowledge of immigrant entrepreneurship especially within the non-Western context. Practice-wise, this study provides implications for policymakers in relation to business activities conducted by migrants in neighbouring countries, which are useful for both Malaysia and Thailand as the host and the origin country respectively. Keywords: Thai immigrant entrepreneurs, Thailand, Malaysia, restaurant business, push and pull factors. Cite as: Yanai, L., Che Senik, Z., Muhamad, N. S., Abd Hamid, H., & Jamaludin, N. A. (2020). Push and pull factors influencing Thai immigrant entrepreneurs conducting business in Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 19-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp19-47

These factors contain a variety of intangible socio-psychological motivations that represent an individual's intrinsic desires and push consumers towards certain behavior patterns that are goal-driven.On the other hand, "pull" factors, which are connected to the athlete, allude to the many diverse elements of a football game. It is very necessary to have a better knowledge of the push–pull interaction for players to be able to play in a way that will fulfill the expectations of coaches who have varying demands. The qualitative method was used to gather the information from the participants. The push-and-pull coaching philosophy was found to be most closely related to the tactical and technical aspects of the game, according to the findings of the analysis. Instead of functioning as a clear guide to examine and support each coach's particular practice, coaching philosophy served instead as a signifier in power relations, which allowed it to rationalize coaching practices.

The objective of this study is to explore entrepreneurial motivation in a least developed country (LDC), which can be divided into push factors and pull factors, without a priori separation between those which are necessity-driven and those which are opportunity-driven. This study shows that the premise "For people who start their own business in an LDC, push factors are more important than pull factors" can be rejected. In contrast to the findings from prior studies on entrepreneurship in LDCs, this study shows that push factors and pull factors are not mutually exclusive. In addition, this study shows that pull factors are even more important than push factors, and that therefore push factors only play a minor role for entrepreneurs. The overall implications are that motivation is a more combined, and nuanced construct, and that the Western concept of entrepreneurial motivation and method of measuring entrepreneurial motivation, are globally applicable.

This study investigates the effects of business cycle, tax, and self‐employment policy on the self‐employment rate at the state level. Using 1999‐2002 data, the results of the analysis suggest that the recession‐push hypothesis of self‐employment is not supported for the United States. In fact, it appears as though the prosperity‐pull hypothesis is a more likely candidate for explaining self‐employment and business cycle changes. Further, the Self‐Employment Assistance Program, based on the recession‐push hypothesis, appears to have a negative effect on the self‐employment rate. These results suggest that current programs to promote self‐employment have incorrectly focused on the unemployed, and/or have not prepared participants for self‐employment. The study also examines the tax effect on self‐employment and finds only weak support for the tax avoidance hypothesis.