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A factor contributing to uncontrolled hypertension in older persons is medication nonadherence. Older Black men in a rural cardiology clinic were not taking blood pressure medication as prescribed resulting in uncontrolled hypertension. A nurse protocol to assist with self-administration of hypertensive medication was proposed to address the problem. This qualitative key informant study identified a purposive sample of 10 hypertensive Black men who were 65–70 years of age and nonadherent in taking their medication. The nurse conducted teaching sessions using the protocol to review evidence-based strategies for improving medication adherence. A follow-up phone call was done after 1 week. Participants were interviewed about their perceptions of taking hypertensive medication. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded for themes using constant comparative analysis. Six themes emerged: Medication Bottle Guides Medication Usage, Confusion about Side Effects, Reasons for Not Taking Medications, New Behavior, Unchanged Behavior, and Discovery of Other Problems. The results showed that the nurse-administered protocol resulted in participants' changed attitudes about taking medication.

When Germany attacked the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, it also conquered the territory of Estonia by the end of the year. The German occupation administration of the new territories ruled by the Germans needed the help of local residents everywhere. For this purpose, a semi-autonomous (or quasi-autonomous) Estonian Self-Administration was established. Similar administrative bodies were established in Latvia, Lithuania and Belarus as well. Based on previous studies, it is known that the Estonian Self-Administration worked closely with the German occupation administration. Thus, it is partially responsible for crimes committed in the name of the national socialist ideology in Estonia. It is clear that the Estonian members of the organization were German-minded and at least accepted the German rule for the time being. Otherwise, they would not have been able to join the Self-Administration. However, in previous studies, little attention has been paid to how Estonians tried to balance the interests of Germany and Estonia. Based on the preserved archival material, it seems that the Estonian actors also tried to promote the national interests of the Estonians while cooperating with the Germans and working for them. The article is mainly based on the materials of the German Security Police and other German and Estonian archival material. In addition, the presentation analyzes how the Estonians who worked in the organization later described their wartime activities in their memoirs.

To make sense of the legal status of Native Americans & to explain their legalized dependence, the author traces how people understand federal sovereignty & white characterizations of Native Americans as savages. He examines recent definitions of national sovereignty that claim that sovereign state authority must be legitimate & use the law as a tool. He then argues that white America has stereotyped Native Americans & has characterized them as children. The images of paternalism that federal policymakers have consistently used in order to define the Indian character are explored. The politics of paternalism are located within the legal concept of tribal self-administration. The language of support protection scarcely veils the predominant image of Native Americans as uncivilized savages. The myths have become cultural realities that over time have become intelligible. The Supreme Court has accepted the modernist viewpoint that Native Americans are dependent & has helped to make them legally dependent upon the federal government. 117 References. E. Larsen

The type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) modulates numerous neurobehavioral processes and is therefore explored as a target for the treatment of several mental and neurological diseases. However, previous studies have investigated CB1 by targeting it globally, regardless of its two main neuronal localizations on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. In the context of cocaine addiction this lack of selectivity is critical since glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal transmission is involved in different aspects of the disease. To determine whether CB1 exerts different control on cocaine seeking according to its two main neuronal localizations, we used mutant mice with deleted CB1 in cortical glutamatergic neurons (Glu-CB1) or in forebrain GABAergic neurons (GABA-CB1). In Glu-CB1, gene deletion concerns the dorsal telencephalon, including neocortex, paleocortex, archicortex, hippocampal formation and the cortical portions of the amygdala. In GABA-CB1, it concerns several cortical and non-cortical areas including the dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, thalamic, and hypothalamic nuclei. We tested complementary components of cocaine self-administration, separating the influence of primary and conditioned effects. Mechanisms underlying each phenotype were explored using in vivo microdialysis and ex vivo electrophysiology. We show that CB1 expression in forebrain GABAergic neurons controls mouse sensitivity to cocaine, while CB1 expression in cortical glutamatergic neurons controls associative learning processes. In accordance, in the nucleus accumbens, GABA-CB1 receptors control cocaine-induced dopamine release and Glu-CB1 receptors control AMPAR/NMDAR ratio; a marker of synaptic plasticity. Our findings demonstrate a critical distinction of the altered balance of Glu-CB1 and GABA-CB1 activity that could participate in the vulnerability to cocaine abuse and addiction. Moreover, these novel insights advance our understanding of CB1 neuropathophysiology. ; This work was supported by INSERM, the University of Bordeaux and the Aquitaine Region (to VDG, PVP, GM, UM), by the Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (DRM20101220445), the Human Frontiers Science Program, and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR Blanc ANR-13BSV4–0006-02) (to GM), the DG Research of the European Commission FP7 [#HEALTH-F2 2013–602891 (to RM), HEALTH-60319 and ERC–2010–StG–260515 (to GM)], the Spanish 'RETICS-Instituto de Salud Carlos III' (#RD12/0028/0023), the Spanish 'Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación' (#SAF2011–29864, no. SAF2011–29864, #SAF2013-40592-R, no. SAF2013-40592-R) and the Catalan Government 'AGAUR-Generalitat de Catalunya' (#2009SGR00731 and #2014-SGR-1547) (to RM), The Basque Government grant BCG IT764-13, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) grant BFU2012-33334, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU UFI11/41 and Red de Trastornos Adictivos - Instituto de Salud Carlos III grant RD12/0028/0004 (to PG). The FEDER funds support is also acknowledged. EM-G was supported by a 'Sara Borrell' post-doctoral fellowship from the Spanish 'Instituto de Salud Carlos III'. FK was supported by an Aquitaine Region post-doctoral grant

The hippocampus plays a key role in contextual conditioning and has been proposed as an important component of the cocaine addiction brain circuit. To gain knowledge about cocaine-induced alterations in this circuit, we used focused ion beam milling/scanning electron microscopy to reveal and quantify the three-dimensional synaptic organization of the neuropil of the stratum radiatum of the rat CA1, under normal circumstances and after cocaine-self administration (SA). Most synapses are asymmetric (excitatory), macular-shaped, and in contact with dendritic spine heads. After cocaine-SA, the size and the complexity of the shape of both asymmetric and symmetric (inhibitory) synapses increased but no changes were observed in the synaptic density. This work constitutes the first detailed report on the 3D synaptic organization in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 field of cocaine-SA rats. Our data contribute to the elucidation of the normal and altered synaptic organization of the hippocampus, which is crucial for better understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying cocaine addiction. ; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PSI2016-80541-P to E.A.); Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (Red de Trastornos Adictivos [RTA-RD16/0017/0022 del Instituto de Salud Carlos III to E.A.] and Plan Nacional sobre Drogas [2016I073 to E.A.]); UNED (Plan de Promoción de la Investigación, 2014-040-UNED-POST to L.B.-L.); UNED-Banco Santander ("Independent Thinking", 2017-VICE-0012 to L.B.- L.); European Union (JUST-2017-AG-DRUGS-806996-JUSTSO to E.A.); Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, CB06/05/0066 to J.D.); Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PGC2018-094307-B-I00 to J.D. and the Cajal Blue Brain Project [the Spanish partner of the Blue Brain Project initiative from EPFL, Switzerland] to J.D.); and Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (contract FPU14/02245 to M.M.-C.).

The hippocampus plays a key role in contextual conditioning and has been proposed as an important component of the cocaine addiction brain circuit. To gain knowledge about cocaine-induced alterations in this circuit, we used focused ion beam milling/scanning electron microscopy to reveal and quantify the three-dimensional synaptic organization of the neuropil of the stratum radiatum of the rat CA1, under normal circumstances and after cocaine-self administration (SA). Most synapses are asymmetric (excitatory), macular-shaped, and in contact with dendritic spine heads. After cocaine-SA, the size and the complexity of the shape of both asymmetric and symmetric (inhibitory) synapses increased but no changes were observed in the synaptic density. This work constitutes the first detailed report on the 3D synaptic organization in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 field of cocaine-SA rats. Our data contribute to the elucidation of the normal and altered synaptic organization of the hippocampus, which is crucial for better understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying cocaine addiction. ; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PSI2016-80541-P to E.A.); Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (Red de Trastornos Adictivos [RTA-RD16/0017/0022 del Instituto de Salud Carlos III to E.A.] and Plan Nacional sobre Drogas [2016I073 to E.A.]); UNED (Plan de Promoción de la Investigación, 2014-040-UNED-POST to L.B.-L.); UNED-Banco Santander ("Independent Thinking", 2017-VICE-0012 to L.B.- L.); European Union (JUST-2017-AG-DRUGS-806996-JUSTSO to E.A.); Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, CB06/05/0066 to J.D.); Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PGC2018-094307-B-I00 to J.D. and the Cajal Blue Brain Project [the Spanish partner of the Blue Brain Project initiative from EPFL, Switzerland] to J.D.); and Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (contract FPU14/02245 to M.M.-C.).

Benin and Niger wrote down the free administration of local governments in their respective constitutions. This intention of the original constituent won't be translated into infra constitutional norms in a shy way. The autonomy of local bodies is implicitly affirmed in the texts but, it's subtly emptied of its content by large powers of guardianship granted to the representatives of the central government on the elected local authorities. The means of action of the local governments are handled by the central State. National public resources distribution between the central State and the local governments has not been determined by previous costs assessment of the transferred competences. Concomitance and sufficiency principles are not respected. The support of the central State to local governments concerning staffing is not meaningful. Lack of suitable statute for local authorities on the one hand and for territorial civil service on the other, constitute an impediment to mobilization of qualified human resources at local level. Without fiscal autonomy, the local government is self-financed only in a marginal way and depends on subsidies, often conditioned by the central State and other partners. In spite of this little flattering situation, the resolutions taken by administrative and constitutional jurisdictions, following rare appeals don't reflect how critical local liberties are for democracy and development. As suggested by recent evolutions of local constitutionalism, beyond the proclamation of the principle, the essential criteria of local free administration known as organic autonomy, human resources free management and financial autonomy should be raised to constitutional level. ; Le Bénin et le Niger ont inscrit la libre administration des collectivités territoriales dans leurs constitutions respectives. Ce dessein du constituant originaire ne sera traduit dans les normes infra constitutionnelles que de façon timide. L'autonomie organique est implicitement affirmée dans les textes mais elle est ...

BACKGROUND: The treatment of neuropathic pain is unsatisfactory at the present moment and the sigma 1 receptor has been identified as a new potential target for neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to use an operant self-administration model to reveal the potential interest of a new sigma 1 receptor antagonist, S1RA, in chronic pain that was developed in mice by a partial ligation of the sciatic nerve. METHODS: Once that chronic pain had reached a steady state, mice were trained to maintain an operant behaviour to self-administer S1RA. The possible abuse liability of the analgesic compound was determined by evaluating operant self-administration in sham-operated mice. The influence of S1RA on the anhedonic state related to chronic pain was also evaluated by measuring the preference for palatable drink (2% sucrose solution) using a recently validated and highly sensitive behavioural device. RESULTS: Nerve-injured mice, but not sham-operated animals, acquired the operant responding to obtain S1RA (6 mg/kg/infusion). After 10 days of S1RA self-administration, neuropathic pain was significantly reduced in nerve-injured mice. In addition, an anhedonic state was revealed in nerve-injured mice by a decreased consumption of palatable drink, which was significantly attenuated by S1RA (25 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal the analgesic efficacy of the sigma antagonist, S1RA, in neuropathic pain associated with an improvement of the emotional negative state and that was devoided of reinforcing effects. The operant responses evaluated in this new mouse model can have a high predictive value to estimate the clinical benefit/risk ratio of new analgesic compounds to treat chronic pain, such as S1RA. ; S1RA was provided by Esteve as a gift within research projects funded by the CENIT program (CEN-20061005) from the Centro para el Desarollo Technológico Industrial from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (#SAF2007-64062), "Redes temáticas de investigación cooperativa en salud (RETICS) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RD06/001/001). Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)", the Catalan Government (SGR2009-00131), the ICREA Foundation (ICREA Academia-2008) and the DG Research of the European Commission (PHECOMP, #LSHM-CT-2007-037669)