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A collection of documents and correspondence pertaining to the Espil Sheep Company of Maricopa and Coconino Counties. Includes: A newspaper article announcing the death of Pete Espil, 1959; correspondence between the Espil Sheep Company, the California Range Association and various government officials, regarding the immigration of sheepherders from France; correspondence from the draft board regarding the defferal of Mike Pete Espil from the war to maintain his sheep business; and court documentation from the District of Arizona declaring Pedro Espil a naturalized citizen of the United States. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: Soon after Juan de Onate's arrival in 1598 sheep became the staple production of New Mexico.Sheep most likely moved into what is now Arizona by the Navajo in the early 1600's.The first breeding sheep, however, arrived in Arizona with Padre Eusebio Kino about 1700. From this point on sheep were raised, traded and purchased throughout New Mexico,Mexico, Arizona and California. In the middle of the 1870's Arizona's reputation as a sheep range was generally acknowledged. The 19th century brought increasing numbers of white settlers who quickly took over the sheep industry. Arizona was an open range country during the period of 1880-1890. With the completion of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad land was no longer as open. This and the growing number of cattle increased already evolving tensions. Sharing mutual interests,sheep men in Arizona met in Flagstaff on October 1,1886 and organized the Arizona Sheep Breeders and Wool Growers Association. This group acts to this day as the official organization for Arizona's woolgrowers.

This collection contains documents and correspondence regarding the Auza Sheep Company. Includes: a lease agreement for the Auza Sheep Company to run at Howard Lake, Coconino County, Arizona; correspondence between the Auza Sheep Company, various government officials and the Arizona Wool Growers Association regarding the possible deportation of several sheepherders from Spain; invoices and bills for supplies; and a portion of a bill from Congress regarding changes to immigration policy. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: Soon after Juan de Onate's arrival in 1598 sheep became the staple production of New Mexico.Sheep most likely moved into what is now Arizona by the Navajo in the early 1600's.The first breeding sheep, however, arrived in Arizona with Padre Eusebio Kino about 1700. From this point on sheep were raised, traded and purchased throughout New Mexico,Mexico, Arizona and California. In the middle of the 1870's Arizona's reputation as a sheep range was generally acknowledged. The 19th century brought increasing numbers of white settlers who quickly took over the sheep industry. Arizona was an open range country during the period of 1880-1890. With the completion of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad land was no longer as open. This and the growing number of cattle increased already evolving tensions. Sharing mutual interests,sheep men in Arizona met in Flagstaff on October 1,1886 and organized the Arizona Sheep Breeders and Wool Growers Association. This group acts to this day as the official organization for Arizona's woolgrowers.

Introduction: Norm Breaker as Norm Maker? -- Dedicated to the Good: Norm Entrepreneurs in International Relations -- Against the Norms of International Society: "Rogues", "Outlaws" and "Pariahs" -- The Ugly? "Rogue States" as Norm Entrepreneurs -- Researching and Operationalizing Prototypical and Unconventional Norm Entrepreneurship -- Iran and the International Community: A Counter-Hegemonic Norm Breaker? -- Iran as a Norm Entrepreneur -- Comparing Prototypical and Unorthodox Norm Advocacy -- Conclusion: Revisiting Norm Entrepreneurship

The practice of mulesing sheep to prevent blowfly strike has recently come under fire from the Animal Liberation movement in Australia. Although it is only one of the many issues which Animal Lib has raised in its campaign to reform various sectors of the livestock industry, it is particularly illustrative of the kinds of conflicts in world view which arise when animal rights activists turn the spotlight on the farming establishment. Spokesmen for the livestock industries are quick to stress the emotional and sometimes sensational portrayal by Animal Libbers of time-honored animal management practices, as well as the sinister role of the urban press. Animal Libbers, on the other hand, profess a desire to reach a reasonable compromise with the farming community while at the same time proposing legislation which could have serious economic repercussions for the farmer and the consumer. Both sides offer valid arguments, but the debate is often frustrated by a mutual lack of sensitivity and an incomplete understanding of the context in which the other group is operating. Issues which combine economics, social attitudes, ethics and politics are seldom, if ever, clear-cut. Sheep mulesing as it is presently practiced constitutes an animal welfare problem, but it is a problem which is tightly interwoven with the sturdy threads of rural tradition and economic benefit.

Marino & Merskin's review shows that sheep are intelligent and highly social but their methodology has some shortcomings. I describe five problems with reviewing only the academic and scientific literature and suggest how one might provide an even more compelling case for the complexity of sheep minds.

The practice of mulesing sheep to prevent blowfly strike has recently come under fire from the Animal Liberation movement in Australia. Although it is only one of the many issues which Animal Lib has raised in its campaign to reform various sectors of the livestock industry, it is particularly illustrative of the kinds of conflicts in world view which arise when animal rights activists turn the spotlight on the farming establishment. Spokesmen for the livestock industries are quick to stress the emotional and sometimes sensational portrayal by Animal Libbers of time-honored animal management practices, as well as the sinister role of the urban press. Animal Libbers, on the other hand, profess a desire to reach a reasonable compromise with the farming community while at the same time proposing legislation which could have serious economic repercussions for the farmer and the consumer. Both sides offer valid arguments, but the debate is often frustrated by a mutual lack of sensitivity and an incomplete understanding of the context in which the other group is operating. Issues which combine economics, social attitudes, ethics and politics are seldom, if ever, clear-cut. Sheep mulesing as it is presently practiced constitutes an animal welfare problem, but it is a problem which is tightly interwoven with the sturdy threads of rural tradition and economic benefit.

More research has been carried out on social cognition in sheep than in other farm animal species. Although this has often been featured widely in the media, there is still limited public awareness of it. Marino & Merskin's review is therefore both important and timely. In my commentary, I focus primarily on what has been established about the complexity of sheep social cognition, at the level of both brain and behavior, and on some of these findings for sheep welfare.

Our Response is centered on five major themes: (1) our presentation of human mythologies about sheep; (2) the relevance of cognitive complexity ("intelligence") as a dimension underlying the way people perceive and treat sheep; (3) whether our review is too anthropocentric or anthropomorphic; (4) animal welfare versus animal rights (abolitionism); and (5) whether knowledge and education are enough to change human attitudes and behavior.

Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune disease of the skin and is the most common form of pemphigus in domestic animals. This work reports a case of pemphigus foliaceus in a Santa Inês hair sheep. The ewe presented with multifocal bilateral crusted alopecic dermatitis affecting the chest, abdomen, and pelvic and thoracic limbs. Parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and acanthosis, in addition to subcorneal pustules, were observed histologically, and acantholytic cells and neutrophils were observed within the pustules. In the superficial and deep dermal tissues, there was intense eosinophilic infiltration and the presence of rare macrophages. These microscopic findings were characteristic of PF, and treatment with dexamethasone was ineffective. This disease is rare in sheep, and this is the first case report to be published in Brazil.

Of the many infeasible creatures and relics of ancient Greek mythos, the Golden Fleece from Jason and the Argonauts has drawn much attention from historians as to what it represented in terms of politics, technology and religion. However, we will instead explore the scientific basis to the possibilities of the existence of a gold fleeced ram. This article specifically addresses the biological and geochemical aspects to this multidisciplinary problem, and follows previous research carried out by this group regarding the physical and biophysical aspects.