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2.3 Brief History of ERGMs2.4 Network Data Amenable to ERGMs; 3 Formation of Social Network Structure; 3.1 Tie Formation: Emergence of Structure; 3.1.1 Formation of Social Ties; 3.1.2 Network Configurations: Consequential Network Patterns and Related Processes; 3.1.3 Local Network Processes; 3.1.4 Dependency (and Theories of Network Dependence); 3.1.5 Complex Combination of Multiple and Nested Social Processes; 3.2 Framework for Explanations of Tie Formation; 3.2.1 Network Self-Organization; 3.2.2 Individual Attributes; 3.2.3 Exogenous Contextual Factors: Dyadic Covariates.

Purpose Collaboration among organizations offering sexual health and youth development services has the potential to provide youth with effective sexual health support. However, formally structured efforts (eg, coalition formation) may be impractical or unsuitable for low-income communities where resources are often already limited. Social network theories provide an alternative approach for building collaborative organizational networks. Approach Research aims to evaluate the barriers and facilitators to collaboration in sexual health organizational networks. Setting Organizations in low income, urban, communities in Chicago and San Francisco that serve African American adolescents. Participants Providers (n = 22) from organizations that offer sexual health services and youth development services. Methods Focus groups (n = 4) were conducted and analyzed utilizing a combination of coding strategies. Results Barriers to collaboration included resource limitations and competition, differences in organizational roles and deliverables, and prejudice and stigma. Identifying common ground among organizations was found to be a facilitator to collaboration. Social network concepts in conjunction with study findings lead to the development of a practice model that hypothesizes a pathway for organizations to improve collaboration without formally structured efforts. Conclusion Our findings offer ways to encourage collaboration among organizations that support youth sexual health in low-income, urban, African American communities without relying on formal structures. Such collaborations may be critical for improving the provision of comprehensive sexual health support.

PurposeThis study aims at demonstrating how social media shape the recruitment and selection processes of individuals in developing countries. It further explores the impacts of social media on business productivity, cost efficiency, widening of search, less employee turnover and competitive advantage mediated by adopting e-recruitment processes. This research adopts social network theory to discuss the findings and highlight the new mechanisms that legitimise business manipulation in e-recruitment process by exploring the usage of social media.Design/methodology/approachSecondary data based on literature review is triangulated with 37 semi-structured qualitative interviews with managerial and non-managerial members of staff.FindingsThe findings show that e-recruitment has immense advantages to businesses. However, the authors also consider the dark side of social media and e-recruitment process by considering social network theory as a manipulation tool in organisations of developing countries.Originality/valueHaving adopted the social network theory, this research highlights the new mechanisms that legitimise business manipulation in e-recruitment process. Thus, it demonstrates technological advancements that reshape the dynamics of social networks and recruitment processes.

As of late, scholars of diverse disciplines observe the growing importance of social networks for sustainable development processes. However, in the social sciences concepts of Social Network Analysis (SNA) have been frequently used metaphorically for another purpose (Hwang and Moon 2009, 7). At the same time, metaphorical uses of models can be harmful. "Relying on metaphors as the foundation for policy advice can lead to results substantially different from those presumed to be likely" (Ostrom 2010). This paper argues that empirical techniques of SNA can support evidence-based decision making and policy advice. On this note, results of a theoretically based empirical study are introduced that illustrate why and how SNA provides innovative tools to foster learning processes and synergy effects, bring together key resources and technological know-how and promote advancements and the diffusion of innovative ideas. Furthermore, it is argued that SNA helps to interpret existing networks and to identify innovation potentials in order to generate new information and to reveal new options for further developments.

Scholars have long been examining the presidential nomination process in the United States. In addition to studies considering the selection mechanism itself, there has been a movement towards analysing the contest even before voting begins. Campaign finance allows for a reliable and valid means to examine the year prior to the nomination with data that are not just vast in quantity but also consistent across time. Donors who gave to multiple campaigns represent a particularly important subset of elite participants in elections whose behaviour shed light on phenomena of parties functioning as a network. We find only rare instances of multiple donors giving across party and that Democratic contributors function as a far more cohesive unit. Also, without any supervising entity, the candidate that amasses the most shared donors goes on to win the nomination in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections.