Suchergebnisse

Education reformers have zeroed in on a measure known as the value-added approach. According to this method, you calculate the effectiveness of individual teachers by the increase in test scores that students demonstrate after a year in their classroom. In this article, I explore three major questions that arise from the increased prominence of value-added metrics in the education reform movement. Why did the value-added measure of teaching emerge at this point in the history of American education? What are the core characteristics of teaching as a professional practice that make it so hard to perform effectively and so hard to measure accurately? And under these circumstances, what are the likely consequences of using the value-added measure of teaching?

The mantra of the current school reform in the US is that high-quality teachers produce high-achieving students. As a result, the educational system should hold teachers accountable for student outcomes, offering bonus pay to the most effective teachers and shoving the least effective ones out the door. In order to implement such a policy, a valid and reliable measure of teacher quality, and the reformers have zeroed in on one such measure, which is known as the value-added approach. This article explores three major questions that arise from this development: 1) why did the value-added measure of teaching emerge at this point in the history of American education?; 2) What are the core characteristics of teaching as a professional practice that make it so hard to perform effectively and so hard to measure accurately?; and 3) And under these circumstances, what are the likely consequences of using the value-added measure of teaching? Adapted from the source document.

Defining and explaining civilian victimization -- Statistical tests : civilian victimization, mass killing, and civilian casualties in interstate wars -- The starvation blockades of World War I : Britain and Germany -- Strategic bombing in World War II : the firebombing of Japan and the blitz -- Guerrilla warfare, counterinsurgency, and civilian victimization : the second Anglo-Boer War -- Territorial annexation and civilian victimization : the founding of the state of Israel, 1947-49 -- Negative cases : why civilian victimization doesn't happen

Many recent discussions on the conduct of monetary policy through interest rate rules have given a very central role to inflation, both as an objective and as an intermediate instrument. We want to show that other variables like employment can be as important or even more. For that we construct a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model where the economy is subject to demand and supply shocks. We compute closed form solutions for the optimal interest rate rules and find that they can be function of employment only, which then dominates inflation for use in the policy rule. ; De nombreuses discussions récentes sur la conduite de la politique monétaire via des règles de taux d'intérèt ont donné un rôle central au taux d'inflation, à la fois comme objectif ou comme instrument intermédiaire. On veut montrer ici que d'autres variables comme l'emploi peuvent jouer un rôle aussi important sinon davantage. Pour cela on construit un modèle d'équilibre général dynamique stochastique où l'économie est soumise à des chocs d'offre et de demande. On calcule des solutions exactes pour les règles de taux d'intérèt optimales et on trouve qu'elles peuvent s'exprimer en fonction du seul niveau d'emploi, qui apparaît donc comme un meilleur instrument intermédiaire que le taux d'inflation.

Many recent discussions on the conduct of monetary policy through interest rate rules have given a very central role to inflation, both as an objective and as an intermediate instrument. We want to show that other variables like employment can be as important or even more. For that we construct a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model where the economy is subject to demand and supply shocks. We compute closed form solutions for the optimal interest rate rules and find that they can be function of employment only, which then dominates inflation for use in the policy rule. ; De nombreuses discussions récentes sur la conduite de la politique monétaire via des règles de taux d'intérèt ont donné un rôle central au taux d'inflation, à la fois comme objectif ou comme instrument intermédiaire. On veut montrer ici que d'autres variables comme l'emploi peuvent jouer un rôle aussi important sinon davantage. Pour cela on construit un modèle d'équilibre général dynamique stochastique où l'économie est soumise à des chocs d'offre et de demande. On calcule des solutions exactes pour les règles de taux d'intérèt optimales et on trouve qu'elles peuvent s'exprimer en fonction du seul niveau d'emploi, qui apparaît donc comme un meilleur instrument intermédiaire que le taux d'inflation.