Suchergebnisse

Intro -- VALUE-ADDED TAX (VAT) AND FLAT TAX PROPOSALS -- VALUE-ADDED TAX (VAT) AND FLAT TAX PROPOSALS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 SHOULD THE UNITED STATES LEVY A VALUE-ADDED TAX FOR DEFICIT REDUCTION?* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Concept of a Value-Added Tax -- Methods of Calculating VAT -- Exemption Versus Zero-Rating -- Exemption -- Zero-Rating -- Revenue Yield -- Revenue Performance -- International Comparison of Composition of Taxes -- VAT Rates in Other Countries -- Equity -- Ability-to-Pay -- Time Period -- Vertical Equity56 -- Policy Options to Alleviate Regressivity -- Exclusions and Multiple Rates -- Tax Credits -- Earmarking of VAT Revenues -- Horizontal Equity -- Neutrality -- Inflation -- Balance-of-Trade -- National Saving -- Administrative Costs -- Compliance -- VAT Registration Thresholds -- Time Required for VAT Implementation -- Intergovernmental Relations -- Encroachment on a State Tax Source -- Joint Collection -- Size of Government -- Appendix A. Credit-Invoice, Subtraction, and Addition Methods -- Appendix B. VAT Revenue Ratios in OECD -- Appendix C. General Consumption Taxes in OECD Countries -- Appendix D. VAT Rates by Country -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 A VALUE-ADDED TAX CONTRASTED WITH A NATIONAL SALES TAX* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Concept of a Value-Added Tax -- Types of VATs -- Methods of Calculating VAT -- A National Sales Tax -- Policy Implications -- Administrative Costs -- Joint Tax Collection -- Avoiding Double Taxation of Intermediate Goods and Services -- Enforcement -- Broadness of Tax Base -- Time Required to Implement -- Visibility -- Experiences of Other Nations -- Legislation in the 111th Congress -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 TAXABLE BASE OF THE VALUE-ADDED TAX* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Option 1. "Generic" Broad-Based Value-Added Tax -- Option 2. Value-Added Tax with Certain Exemptions

The research reviewed in this paper establishes that the VAT system generates heavy administrative burdens for small firms in Europe despite various measures taken to alleviate them. A possible solution would be to abolish VAT charges between registered traders which would, in effect, convert the tax into a sales tax. The conclusion is that such a change would necessitate modification of the 6th Directive on VAT. The other alternative might be to compensate small firms for their work as unpaid tax collectors.

Ghana's Parliament enacted a value‐added tax (VAT) in December 1994, with collection to begin on March 1, 1995. The short preparation period proved fatal for the tax. However, the nation's fiscal problems continue and the government is resolved to reintroduce the tax in 1998. This article reviews the structure of the failed tax, showing how it would have been a more effective general consumption tax than the system it would have replaced, examines the reasons for its untimely demise, and considers prospects for a successful reintroduction of the tax. Ghana's experience with the VAT can hold important lessons for countries contemplating the introduction of such a tax.

This paper evaluates the political economy and structural factors explaining the collection efficiency of the Value Added Tax [VAT]. We consider the case where the collection efficiency is determined by the probability of audit and by the penalty on underpaying. Implementation lags imply that the present policy maker determines the efficiency of the tax system next period. Theory suggests that the collection efficiency is impacted by political economy considerations – greater polarization and political instability would reduce the efficiency of the tax collection. In addition, collection is impacted by structural factors affecting the ease of tax evasion, like the urbanization level, the share of agriculture, and trade openness. Defining the collection efficiency of the VAT as the ratio of the VAT revenue to aggregate consumption divided by the standard VAT rate, we evaluate the evidence on VAT collection efficiency in a panel of 44 countries over 1970-99. The results are consistent with the theory - a one standard deviation increase in durability of political regime, and in the ease and fluidity of political participation, increase the VAT collection efficiency by 3.1% and 3.6%, respectively. A one standard deviation increase in urbanization, trade openness, and the share of agriculture changes the VAT collection efficiency by 12.7%, 3.9%, and - 4.8%, respectively. In addition, a one standard deviation increase in GDP/Capita increases the tax efficiency by 8.1%. Qualitatively identical results apply for an alternative measure of VAT collection efficiency, defined by the ratio of VAT revenue to GDP divided by the standard VAT.

This paper evaluates the political economy and structural factors explaining the collection efficiency of the Value Added Tax [VAT]. We consider the case where the collection efficiency is determined by the probability of audit and by the penalty on underpaying. Implementation lags imply that the present policy maker determines the efficiency of the tax system next period. Theory suggests that the collection efficiency is impacted by political economy considerations - greater polarization and political instability would reduce the efficiency of the tax collection. In addition, collection is impacted by structural factors affecting the ease of tax evasion, like the urbanization level, the share of agriculture, and trade openness. Defining the collection efficiency of the VAT as the ratio of the VAT revenue to aggregate consumption divided by the standard VAT rate, we evaluate the evidence on VAT collection efficiency in a panel of 44 countries over 1970-99. The results are consistent with the theory - a one standard deviation increase in durability of political regime, and in the ease and fluidity of political participation, increase the VAT collection efficiency by 3.1% and 3.6%, respectively. A one standard deviation increase in urbanization, trade openness, and the share of agriculture changes the VAT collection efficiency by 12.7%, 3.9%, and - 4.8%, respectively. In addition, a one standard deviation increase in GDP/Capita increases the tax efficiency by 8.1%. Qualitatively identical results apply for an alternative measure of VAT collection efficiency, defined by the ratio of VAT revenue to GDP divided by the standard VAT.

Part I: General principles of VAT -- Nature and origins of value added tax -- The interrelationship between EU and national VAT legislation -- Field of application of VAT -- Part II: The internal system -- Taxable persons -- Taxable transactions -- The place of taxable transactions -- Chargeable event and chargeability of tax -- Taxable amount / Tarlochan Lall -- Rates of tax -- Exemptions -- Input tax deduction -- Part III: Taxation of intra-community and export trade -- Intra-community trade in goods / Tarlochan Lall -- Intra-community trade in services / Tarlochan Lall -- Supplies outside the EU / Tarlochan Lall -- VAT and EU customs duty / Tarlochan Lall -- Part IV: Special sectors -- Special schemes -- Simplification measures -- Immovable property / Tarlochan Lall -- Financial services and insurance -- Charities and local authorities / Hui Ling McCarthy and Edward Hellier -- Internet transactions, telecommunications / Hui Ling McCarthy and Sarah Black -- Part V: Accounting and enforcement -- Accounting for VAT -- Administrative cooperation between taxing authorities.

The elimination of discriminatory value added tax (VAT) laws on commodities are required for the proper functioning of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) single market. The proper functioning of a single market entails the elimination of discriminatory internal VAT regulations of imported goods or services. Hence, the purpose of this study is to empirically examine the need for harmonizing VAT legislation among GCC countries. The data of this study was collected through a variety of sources, including the ministry's website, VAT law for each country, published articles, and other online data sources/websites with regards to VAT. The data were statistically evaluated using Microsoft Excel. The dependent variable in this study is Harmonization. The factors affecting Value Added Tax Legislation are also called independent variables. Through this search, they harmonize VAT legislation in the GCC countries to maximize the effectiveness of tax laws. That helps to know the challenges faced by GCC companies due to discriminatory VAT regulations and double taxation. There is a need to harmonize VAT legislation in the GCC countries to maximize the effectiveness of tax laws. This study adds value by assessing the present state and the need for harmonizing VAT legislation in the GCC countries. The timely approach of the study will help policymakers, regulators, and practitioners to understand the importance of harmonizing VAT legislation in the GCC.

Value Added Tax is an indirect tax which is also termed as Goods and Service Tax. Both these terms are used in the same meaning in different parts of the world. VAT is followed almost in many countries and during this pandemic situation many countries have relaxed VAT for the benefit of the public. This study mainly focuses on the frameworks followed by various nations regarding VAT. It concentrates on the origin, growth and development of VAT, various tax model frameworks followed in nearly 147 different countries all around and the various measures adopted by countries towards VAT during this era of COVID-19 pandemic.

Indonesia is one of the countries with a high level of consumption of digital services. That potential encourages the government to collect Value Added Tax (VAT) on digital services, including foreign companies. However, in practice, issues related to efficiency and supervision were found. This paper aims to analyze the fulfillment of the principles of tax collection in collecting Value Added Tax (VAT) on digital services. The method used is qualitative with data collection through literature study. The analysis results show that the principle of Equity fulfills horizontal Equity because the fees are charged regardless of ability; Revenue Productivity has succeeded in increasing state revenue; Ease of administration, meets the aspects of certainty, convenience, simplicity, and efficiency. However, in terms of efficiency, it is feared that it could increase compliance costs due to the limited knowledge of PMSE tax. Transparency is not optimal because the absence of a physical presence in Indonesia makes it difficult to access data and information so that supervision is carried out; Neutrality is fulfilled because it supports the competitiveness of local business, while in terms of consumption, it is necessary to pay attention to VAT facilities on digital export services due to the potential for distortion of local digital service providers. So it can be said that the practice of collecting Value Added Tax (VAT) fulfills all aspects. However, several issues need more attention, especially efficiency, transparency, and neutrality.