Suchergebnisse

From the United Nations to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the principles of international organizations affect all of our lives. The principles these organizations live by represent, at least in part, the principles all of us live by. This book quantifies international organizations' affiliation with particular principles in their constitutions, like cooperation, peace and equality. Offering a sophisticated statistical and legal analysis of these principles, the authors reveal the values contained in international organizations' constitutions and their relationship with one another. When these organizations are divided into groups, like regional versus universal organizations, many new, seemingly contradictory, interpretations of international organizations law emerge. Through elaborate network representations, radar charters, k-clusters analyses and scatter plots, this book offers an unprecedented insight into the principles and values of international organizations.

Public international law, through its rules regulating the dealings between independent nations, purports to impose limits on the actions of all governments, including those of the United States. In this context American lawyers interested in foreign relations may reasonably wonder whether American courts would enforce rules of public international law purporting to bind the United States against the United States government, particularly the executive branch. A fair number of Supreme Court cases have dealt with the enforce ability of treaties in American courts.' Treaties, however, are only one source of international law. The other important source, customary international law, is neither expressly mentioned in the Constitution nor much discussed in Supreme Court cases. Customary international law also differs in important respects from treaties. Treaties are by necessity purely consensual arrangements between the parties. Rules of customary law, as the definition implies, are matters of general practice that can come into existence if a practice can fairly be labelled "general." Thus, a state that did not actively participate in the practice that culminated in the creation of a rule could find itself bound by the rule anyway, at least if that state did not actively dissent during the period of the rule's gestation. Recently, the question whether the federal courts have the authority to compel the President to adhere to rules of customary international law has drawn comment from writers interested in the subject. Some have taken the position that the courts in fact possess such authority, at least when Congress has not by statute established for the United States a rule different from that which international law would apply to the issue in question.' According to these writers, one withstanding to complain of a contemplated presidential action that would violate customary international law should be able to obtain from a federal court an injunction forbidding the action. For example, some have suggested that ...

First Published in 1993, this is part of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva series.This study which looks at whether scholars of international politics attempt to understand cooperative behavior in the light of the theories developed by the observers of both conflict and of cooperation. This volume expands the short list of such works and does so with insight, a wide range of scholarship and a willingness to test particular cases against existing theory. The author has written a book which expands the knowledge of, but also a thoughtful improvement of existing theoretical approaches. Uvin's universe of enquiry excludes military power and its application. It concentrates on the long-term, complex organization of cooperative transnational behavior and its rationale. Its focusses on functional issues involving world hunger, a haunting background and result, and perhaps even one cause, of the dreadful violence that characterizes our world even as the threat of catastrophic nuclear warfare has declined.

The seventh session of the International Labor Organization (ILO) Asian Advisory Committee was held in Geneva on November 7 and 8, 1955, under the chairmanship of Mr. Maung Maung (government member, Burma). The session was attended by eight government members, four employers' members, and three workers' members, and by observers from the UN and the Food and Agriculture Organization. The Committee agreed that increased credit facilities for agriculture in Asia would contribute to social and economic progress in the region and might also help to increase the volume of international trade; there was need for wide and repid international action to deal with the problem, and it was suggested that the provision of such credit might be assisted through expended activities on the part of existing international financial agencies. The Committee endorsed a resolution adopted at the fifth session of the Permanent Agricultural Committee concerning the scope and nature of ILO contributies to international programs of action for community organization and development, emphasizing that the ILO should take an active part in conferences, seminars and study groups as well as in technical assistance projects designed to promote community development, and should stress the community development approach within its own program of work. In considering ways of accelerating economic development in Asian countries, the Committee emphasized the need for increased capital investment by countries with capital surpluses, so as to ensure that an increase in the rate of capital formation did not encroach on the level of current consumption.

Since World War II, the focus of power in the international labor movement is no longer in Europe. Events, in which American labor has played a significant role, have favored a definite trend toward decentralization and the strengthening of regional organization. This has been secured in part by the establishment of regional (Asian, European, Latin American) offices by inter national federations of unions in specific trades or industries, and in part by the creation of regional organizations in Europe, the Americas, and Asia by the In ternational Confederation of Free Trade Unions. The author discusses some of the problems involved in these trends, the specific difficulties which face the ex tension of the movement to Africa, and the rivalry between the leading world confederations of labor, the ICFTU and the Communist World Federation of Trade Unions.—Ed.

To provide a final solution to the problems of hundreds of thousands of refugees and persons displaced by the war and who still remain in the occupied zones of Europe, the International Refugee Organization was established by the United Nations. The General Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Organization on December 15 by a vote of 30 to 5, with 18 abstentions, and the agreement was opened for signature the following day.

The 133rd session of the Governing Body of the International Labor Organization (ILO) was held in. Geneva from November 20 to 26, 1956, under the chairmanship of Sir Guildhaume Myrddin-Evans (United Kingdom).

The annual report of the Director-General (Morse) of the International Labor Organization (ILO) to the 40th session of the ILO Conference dealt primarily with the labor and social implications of automation.

A special meeting of the Executive Committee of the International Refugee Organization, scheduled to meet at Ottawa, was held instead at Geneva from January 25 to 29, 1949. The committee resolved, against determined British opposition, to lift the restriction of financial aid to immigrants to Palestine in effect since May 18, 1947, and authorized Director General William Hallam Tuck to re-imburse Jewish agencies, up to a maximum of $4,000,000 – the expenditure anticipated for Palestine migration in the 1948–1949 budget – for movements of refugees to Israel carried out between May 18, 1947 and January 1, 1949. The Director General was also authorized to support future Jewish refugee movements after consultation with the Palestine Conciliation Commission, to insure that IRO did nothing which would interfere with the commission's mandate to bring about the peaceful solution of the Palestine conflict. IRO support of future migration to Palestine depended on the availability of funds within the $4,000,000 limit after reimbursement of the agencies and on the result of negotiations with the Conciliation Commission. The resolution represented a compromise between those who felt that no limits should be placed on sponsorship of migration of eligible refugees to Palestine and those who argued that conditions in Palestine were too unstable and further complicated by an Arab refugee problem to justify IRO sponsorship. On January 26, 1949 the Secretary-General of the United Nations (Lie) and Stanton Griffis, director of United Nations relief for Palestine refugees, made a joint appeal to the governments for funds and supplies for the aid of more than 500,000 Palestine refugees, mostly Arabs, who had lost their homes during the fighting in Palestine.

The last annual report of the International Refugee Organization to the United Nations summarized the work of IRO and its predecessors from the decision by the General Assembly on February 12, 1946 to establish the organization to March 1, 1952 when IRO entered its period of liquidation. During this time, ninety percent of the refugees registered with IRO had been repatriated, resettled or otherwise assisted; over one million persons had been resettled while over 73,000 had been repatriated to their countries of origin or former residence. During the period from July 1, 1947 to February 7, 1952 the organization had received contributions from member governmentstotalling $398,596,802.

The 147th session of the Governing Body of the International Labor Organization (ILO) was held in Geneva from November 15 to 18, 1960. With respect to the operational programs of the International Labor Office, the Governing Body decided: 1) to include the question of technical assistance in the agenda of the 45th session of the International Labor Conference, to be held in June 1961; and 2) to merge the Manpower and Employment Committee and the Technical Assistance Committee into a single Committee on Operational Programs, in order to coordinate better the operational activities of ILO.

The thirty-second general conference of the International Labor Organization opened in Geneva on June 8,1949. The conference was to consider, among others, seven separate items: 1) a Polish resolution on wages; 2) an international convention on wages; 3) changes in the voting procedure; 4) two conventions on migratory employment; 5) a convention on working conditions; and 6) a formal recommendation on vocational training.

The article studies the motivational issues of managerial staff in the context of ensuring the growth of enterprises and organizations. Design/Methodology/Approach: Eurostat data have been used within the framework of the disclosure of the article. Such methods of economic analysis as generalization and comparison have been applied for processing statistical data. Findings: It has been established that in the countries of European Union, such as Great Britain, Spain, Germany, Poland and France, there is an acceptable, in particular high level of satisfaction of their own job by employed persons, including managerial employees (managers). It has been established, that timely identification and diagnosis of problematic situations that arise on the path of development and growth of enterprises and organizations substantially depends on the level of qualification and professionalism of the head, that is, the manager. Practical Implications: The results are interesting from the theoretical and practical aspects to be applied for the improvement of the motivation to employees, including managerial staff at the enterprises and organizations. Originality/Value: The insight of the article's subject matter requires an analysis of such key indicators as the occupational level, population's education index, individual level of the population's digital skills, the proportion of people who speak a foreign language, the proportion of people employed and at the same time are satisfied with their job. ; peer-reviewed