Suchergebnisse

Front Matter --Copyright page --Figures and Tables --Expanding the Middle-Income Groups, Building a Middle Class-Dominated Modern Society—Analysis and Forecast of China's Social Conditions during the Period 2016–2017 /Research Group for Social Situation Analysis and Forecast, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Guangjin Chen --Report on the Income and Spending of China's Urban and Rural Residents in 2016 /Qingzhe Lyu --The Impact of the Adjustment of China's Industrial Structure on the Employment of College Graduates in 2016 /Rong Mo and Xinyu Wang --Changes in the Income Gap of Chinese Residents in 2016 /Yiyong Yang and Zhenhe Chi --Continual Improvements in China's Social Security System in 2016 /Fayun Wang and Wei Wu --Report on Education Reform and Development in China in 2016 /Lei Fan --Report on the Development of China's Health Care in 2016 /Lijie Fang --Research Report on the New Social Class in China's Megacities—Based on Surveys in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou /Haidong Zhang, Chengchen Yang and Siqi Lai --Changes in the Living Conditions of the Elderly in Urban and Rural Areas and Future Trends—Based on Data Analysis of Four National Surveys during the Period 2000–2015 /Haitao Wang, Yu Fang and Zheng Ouyang --Leisure, Class Status and Reading for Pleasure /Yi Zhang --Report on the Usage of the Internet and Social Networks in China in 2016 /Di Zhu, Feng Tian and Xiaobing Wang --Research Report on the Chinese Public's Knowledge of and Attitudes towards Genetic Modification /Guangxi He, Miao Liao, Changhui Shi, Wenxia Zhang and Yandong Zhao --Research Report on the Values and Belief System of Young Employees of Chinese Enterprises /Chen Chen --Report on the Analysis of Internet Public Opinion in China in 2016 /Huaxin Zhu, Yufeng Pan and Xiaoran Chen --Progress Report on China's Rural Land Property Rights Reform in 2016 /Qiang Gao --Report on the Situation of Food and Drug Safety in China in 2016 /Jie Luo and Hao Zhang --The State of and New Issues in China's Environmental Protection in 2016 /Feng Jia, Ke Yang, Huicong Zhang, Shuo Tian, Jingyi Huang, Zijiao Zhang and Liantong Zhou --Report on the Analysis of the Situation of Public Safety in China in 2016 /Yandong Zhou and Zhigang Gong --The Status of Workers in the Supply-Side Structural Reform in 2016 /Jian Qiao --Report on Women's Development in China in 2016 /Yunzhu Jia --Statistical Overview of China's Social Development (2016) /Liping Zhang --Back Matter --Index.

Husserl?s transcendental turn can be best regarded as a turn in his
phenomenological models of intentionality. While in the Logical
Investigations, he maintains a conception according to which intentionality
is a structure of cognitive directedness in which objectification plays a
formative role, in his later works the intentional relation is considered as
a structure of consciousness founded on a sphere of purely subjective
interiority. This paper 42 argues that if Husserl had extended the scope of
his early phenomenological research to the problems of object formation in
the domain of historical and cultural sciences (Geisteswissenschaften), the
radical subjectively oriented transformation of his theory of intentionality
would have been much more difficult, if not impossible. We also argue that in
Simmel?s theory of historical cognition and culture one can detect the
elements of a theory of intentionality that can account for what is missing
in Husserl, namely the attention devoted to the specific constitution of
social and cultural objects. It is precisely the objective mediation through
exteriorization and symbolization deployed in social and cultural values, and
in historical time that constitutes the specificity of these objects which
also conditions subjective experiencing, rather than remains dependent on it.

This article is concerned with the role of social change as a breeding ground for violence. The focus is on the armed organization and especially the terror perpetrated outside of overt military operations both by the Reds and the Whites in the Finnish Civil War of 1918. The statistical analysis aims to find out how the economic and political situation of different social strata, both in industrial and agrarian society, linked up with violence. A total of 164 variables were included in the original analysis (Arosalo, 1994; Appendix 1); this article covers 35. The basic finding is that both terror and armed organization were associated with economic decline. More generally, economic crisis emerges as a prime mover of violence, political organization being a mediating factor: violence increases in conditions of economic decline, but decreases when the economy is booming. The structural analysis is accompanied by an institutional analysis to highlight the situation prevailing in Finnish society at that time. In economic terms, Finland was in a transitional stage, rapidly transforming from an agrarian into an industrial society. This may be compared with recent data (e.g. Wallensteen & Sollenberg, 1997) showing that most recent conflicts are internal and that they occur more frequently in Asian and African countries than in Europe and America. In other words, armed conflicts are more common in transitional societies than in more advanced countries. The systems of interaction in Finnish society are analysed on the basis of Galtung's theory of feudal interaction: power was highly centralized. The results of this investigation are similar to those reported by Rummel, who found that violence during the present century is associated with absolute and authoritarian power. In terms of Dahrendorf's regulation theory, interaction was unregulated; in terms of collective rationality, the interaction system was irrational.

SummaryThis paper offers an environmental history of a group of forced migrants who were sent to work on a Soviet industrial project in the far north during the 1930s. As part of the drive to industrialize the country rapidly, the Soviet state deported thousands of peasants who had been declared class enemies to the previously desolate Khibiny Mountains in order to serve as the labor force for a new socialist mining town. These forced migrants became known as "special settlers". I argue that the integration of the environment as a dynamic force in the social history of Stalinism enriches current explanations for why the Soviet state was often unable to carry out its intentions during industrialization. I also maintain that through the pursuit of the global process of industrialization, the Soviet government contributed to making the special settlers in the Khibiny Mountains vulnerable to natural hazards.

Front Matter -- Copyright page -- Figures and Tables -- China Enters the Final Stretch before Realizing a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Aspects: Analysis and Forecast of China's Social Conditions during 2015–2016 /Research Group for Social Situation Analysis and Forecast, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Guangjin Chen -- The Income and Consumption of China's Urban and Rural Residents in 2015 /Qingzhe Lu -- China's Employment in 2015: Innovation and Entrepreneurship Promoted Employment /Rong Mo and Yun Chen -- The Changes in China's Resident Income Gap under the New Normal of the Economy in 2015 /Yiyong Yang and Zhenhe Chi -- Progress of the Social Security Undertaking amidst Reform in 2015 /Fayun Wang and Wei Wu -- Annual Report on the Development of China's Medical and Health Undertaking 2015 /Lijie Fang -- The Educational Achievements in China during the Period of the 12th Five-Year Plan and the Outlook for Educational Development in the Period of the 13th Five-Year Plan /Chunling Li -- Survey Report on the Current Situation of China's Social Quality /The Research Group of the General Social Survey, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , Wei Li , Lei Fan and Yan Cui -- Survey Report on the Situation of the Urban and Rural Groups in Difficulties in China /Zhiqiang Jiang and Weijin Wang -- Survey Report on the Scale and Structure of China's Family Households /Family Development Division of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, China Population and Development Research Center and Zhili Wang -- Survey Report on the Willingness and Plan of Urban and Rural Residents in China to Have Two Children /Liping Zhang and Guangzhou Wang -- Survey Report on the Social Middle Class in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou /Research Group of the Research Center for Urban Social Governance, Shanghai Academy , Yucheng Liang and Haidong Zhang -- Analysis Report on China's Online Public Opinion 2015 /Huaxin Zhu , Yufeng Pan and Xiaoran Chen -- 2015: the Situation of China's Workers towards the Period of the 13th Five-Year Plan /Jian Qiao -- Survey and Analysis Report on the Basic Situation of the Production and the Life of Chinese Farmers 2015 /Yuchun Zou and Hao Zhang -- The Building of an Urban Community and Community Governance in China in 2015 /Lin Xiao -- 2015: Report on the Progress in China's Farmer Organization /Xinxin Xu -- Survey and Analysis Report on the Online Behaviors of China's Private Entrepreneurs 2015 /Peng Lu and Xiaoguang Fan -- Survey Report on the Living Conditions of Foreigners in Chinese Megacities /Haidong Zhang , Yelin Yao and Nan Meng -- Statistical Overview of China's Social Development (2015) /Liping Zhang -- Back Matter -- Index.

Analyses of mortality in Alaska and Labrador during the 1918 influenza pandemic indicate that influenza itself was only one of several factors influencing mortality in different communities. We discuss the added impact of exposure to influenza prior to the major waves of the pandemic in 1918 and cocirculation of other acute infectious diseases, including pneumonia, smallpox, and measles; chronic conditions such as nutritional deficiencies and tuberculosis; and social and cultural factors such as the economic climate, ethnicity, official responses, and access to health care. The emphasis is on potential explanations for differential mortality in these regions and on how the experiences of Labradoreans and Alaskans can help to inform us about the multitude of interrelated factors influencing modern health issues.