Suchergebnisse

International organizations (or IOs)—intergovernmental entities established by treaty, usually composed of permanent secretariats, plenary assemblies involving all member states, and executive organs with more limited participation—are a twentieth-century phenomenon having little in common with earlier forms of institutionalized cooperation, including those in the ancient world. The story of how, shortly after the turn of the last century, the Euro-American lawyers that dominated the field of international law sought to transcend the chaos of war by "moving to institutions" has been told elsewhere and needs no repeating here. David Kennedy, Martti Koskenniemi, and David Bederman, among others, have described the disparate individuals, separated by nationality, juridical philosophy, and competing "idealist"/"realist" schools of thought, who nevertheless shared a messianic, quasi-religious, and coherent "internationalist sensibility" that sought to institutionalize multilateral diplomacy with a view to promoting civilization and progress. Kennedy locates the move to international organization in turn-of-the-century reformist aspirations for parliamentary, administrative, and judicial mechanisms that, in the Victorian language of the day, would convert "passion into reason." By the time thisJournalwas established, the Congress of Vienna's concert system had provided a model for an incipient (albeit only periodic) pseudo-parliament; diverse public administrative unions and river commissions suggested the possibilities for international administration and even the interstate pooling of funds; and the Permanent Court of Arbitration presaged an international judiciary.

The purpose of this paper is to make a preliminary evaluation of the pattern of support of research in international studies in the United States by federal agencies, with a view to identifying critical issues in research policy deserving of more detailed study.The security and welfare of the people of the United States depend to a significant degree on the quality of the system of knowledge available to their leaders and to the community of scholars on whose advice regarding the international system in all of its aspects their leaders depend.

Abstract
This article explores the attitudes of Canadian officials towards international conflict mediation and towards the potential for greater official Canadian involvement in the field. The study is based on extensive interviews with Canadian officials who have been involved in mediation at various points over a 20-year period. It finds that Canada, and particularly the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT), has taken a largely ad hoc approach to its involvement in the field. Prior to the initiation of this study, there had been no attempt to develop an institutional capacity in this field within DFAIT or to keep track of the personnel involved in such experiences, much less to develop a trained cadre of such individuals. This stands in contrast to the efforts of countries that have prioritized mediation as a foreign policy activity, such as some Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. Many of those interviewed pointed to these countries as potential models for Canada in this field, but it became apparent in discussions that most of those interviewees were not necessarily well-informed as to what these countries have done; there was just a general sense that these countries do it well and that Canada could learn from them. Moreover, none of the interviewees demonstrated significant familiarity with the vast literature on mediation. Those interviewed made recommendations as to how Canada might develop its official mediation capacities so as to play a more active and focused role in this field.

Das 20. Jahrhundert war ein Jahrhundert der Flüchtlinge, in dem Millionen Menschen aufgrund von Krieg, Gewalt und Verfolgung ihre Heimat verlassen mussten. Mit den Fluchtbewegungen entstand das System der internationalen Flüchtlingshilfe. Es setzte sich die Vorstellung durch, dass es die Aufgabe der Staatengemeinschaft sei, Geflüchtete zu unterstützen und dafür leistungsfähige Strukturen aufzubauen. Bis in die späten 1950er-Jahre glaubte die Staatengemeinschaft jedoch, das massive Fluchtgeschehen sei ein vorübergehendes Problem, das nur Europa betreffe. Das Amt des Hohen Flüchtlingskommissars der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) war daher zunächst eine kleine Behörde mit wenig Einfluss. Jakob Schönhagen schildert eingehend, wie seit den 1960er Jahren schrittweise und gegen viele Widerstände eine internationale Flüchtlingspolitik entstand, die weltweit ausgerichtet war – mit den Flüchtlingskrisen in Algerien und Bangladesch als den entscheidenden Stationen. Der Autor rekonstruiert ebenso, welche Folgen dieser späte Entstehungsprozess bis heute hat.

In this comprehensive second edition of The Economics of International Integration, Miroslav N. Jovanović examines the theory of international economic integration and explores the existing and emerging international integration agreements, their achievements, problems and prospects. One of the most important issues in international economics today concerns the dissipating multilateral trading system and the proliferation of a number of trading blocs and arrangements. This has been particularly the case after the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995 and especially during the Doha Round (2001-13). -- This book takes on those and other important new issues such as integration through spatially fragmented production, and the operation of supply chains. The author argues that international economic integration deals are here to stay, and evolve with variable successes in spite of advantages offered by the multilateral trading system. Jovanović's second edition includes up-to-date surveys of economic integration and their agreements, criticism of the eurozone and speculation on the future of integration. -- 'I taught one course on economic policy at Queen's University and met Miroslav Jovanović, who was the outstanding student in my class. I have followed his career ever since ... The most distinctive aspect of his treatment continues to be his union of theory and applied material. For him, the major interest always resides in the problems created by the working out of various forms of integration in real situations. He uses theory but no more than is needed to act as a tool for enlightening our understanding of what we see in the world around us ... For those who want a comprehensive survey relevant for understanding the issues surrounding economic integration, this is an excellent book.' (From the foreword by Richard G. Lipsey).