Suchergebnisse

Seligson, M. (2003). Corrupción y democracia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales 14, 67-96. ; Uno de los problemas más serios que Ecuador ha enfrentado en los últimos años es el de la corrupción. Publicitados escándalos en el gobierno y en el sector bancario han ocupado titulares en noticias nacionales e internacionales. La corrupción en Ecuador no se ha limitado a estos sectores sino que se ha extendido a muchas áreas. Un reciente informe de la Contraloría General del Estado encontró que de 1.496 auditorías efectuadas en el año 200, en un 34% de los casos había indicios de responsabilidad penal y en 50% de los casos podía haber responsabilidad civil. La Comisión de Control Cívico de la Corrupción fue creada en 1997 para enfrentar este serio problema. Las encuestas de opinión pública no son buenos instrumentos para medir la magnitud y naturaleza de la corrupción en altas funciones puesto que tales actos son pocos en número y la mayor parte de lo que el público sabe acerca de ellos viene de los reportes de los medios de comunicación. Las encuestas, sin embargo, son mecanismos excelentes para medir la clase de corrupción que afecta a los ciudadanos en sus vidas diarias. De hecho, más adelante se demuestra que en comparación con los bien conocidos pero a menudo criticados Índices de Percepción de la Corrupción de Transparencia Internacional, las encuestas son la mejor forma de medir tal corrupción. El Proyecto de Opinión Pública Latinoamericana de la Universidad de Pittsburgh ha realizado varios estudios sobre corrupción, concentrándose en la magnitud de la corrupción experimentada por los ciudadanos, la percepción ciudadana de la honestidad o deshonestidad en varias instituciones y el impacto de la corrupción sobre la democracia. En este capítulo el interés se concentrará en Ecuador, incluyendo comparaciones con otros países cuando sea apropiado ; Corruption is one of the most serious problems Ecuador has faced in the last years. Public scandals in government and in the banking sector were placed in the headlines of national and international media. The corruption in Ecuador has also spread to other sectors of the society. A recently report found that there were 34% cases of penal responsibility and 50% cases of civil responsibility from 1.496 investigations made in 2001. The Civil Commission of Corruption Control was created in 1997 to face this serious problem. The public polls are not good instruments to measure the magnitude and nature of corruption in high functions because these acts are very few and what the public opinion know about them comes only from media reports. The public polls, however, are excellent instruments to measure the kind of corruption that affects citizens in their daily lives. In fact, as it will be proved further in this paper, public polls are the best way to measure corruption, even better than the well known and criticized International Transparency Corruption Perception Index. Pittsburgh University Latinoamerican Public Opinion Proyect has made several studies about corruption, focusing in the magnitude of corruption experienced by citizens, citizen perception of honesty / dishonesty in institutions and corruption's impact on democracy. In this work the main interest will be Ecuador, including different comparisons with other countries when necessary.

IntroductionThe Report that the AIB has decided to publish starting from this year aims at presenting, even if synthetically, the main characteristics of an overview of Italian libraries, each time pointing out the questions, tendencies and some of the events that are of most interest to those who are interested in the development of the library service in our country.When it is proposed to describe a national picture of the situation of the libraries of the various types (public, university, state, scholastic, ecclesiastic, private, etc.) one finds oneself before the almost total absence of comparable and trustworthy organic information. Using the various sources available, it is possible to estimate with a certain approximation that the over 15,000 Italian libraries (in which approximately 20,000 people work) possess almost 200 million documents, that they acquire annually almost 7 million books, that their annual users are little less than 10 million and the loans made are around 65 million. It is believed that in the year 2001 the running costs exceeded 1000 billion lire, of which a little more than 10% were destined to the purchase of documents.LegislationThe year 2001 was rich in new details with regard to the sector of legislation for libraries. This was also due to the effect of the constitutional reforms and the new scenarios relative to the responsibilities and federalist arrangement of the State.Regulations of particular importance for libraries and indirectly linked to the overall institutional situation are those contained in the law of 28 December 2001, no. 448 (finance law 2002). This prescribes that the management of services aimed at the improvement of the public use and development of the artistic patrimony (and therefore also of the state libraries) can be entrusted to subjects other than those of the state. It also introduces an art. 113 bis in the sole text of the laws on the organization of local bodies (legislative decree 18 August 2000, no. 267), on the basis of which "local public services without industrial importance are managed through direct entrusting to: a) institutions; b) special businesses, including consortiums; c) joint-stock companies" and only as a residual solution (paragraph 2) "is economic management permitted when, due to the small dimensions or the characteristics of the service, it is not opportune to proceed to entrusting it to subjects as described in paragraph 1". Awaited on many sides as the chance to respond to a number of the age-old problems that have afflicted the sector of state public libraries for decades, the new organization regulations of the Ministry for cultural and artistic heritage, issued with the Presidential Decree of 29 December 2000, no. 441, actually only indicate, without solving, some fundamental questions that regard the sector, postponing their settlement, without any time limits, to subsequent second degree regulations.As regards the more strictly library themes of interest, the necessity to solve the problems of the legal deposit drove the AIB to revive the bill proposal, which had already been discussed and had arrived at the threshold of final approval in Parliament in the 13th legislature.During the year 2001, moreover, the European Parliament and the European Union Council finally approved the Directive 2001/29/CE, that aims at integrating the laws of the member countries regarding reproduction rights, rights of communication of works to the public and distribution rights, in reference to those works, on every kind of medium, including digital medium, subject to authors' rights. Art. 5 provides the faculty of member states to order exceptions and limitations to the above mentioned rights, to guarantee the right balance between authors' rights and other social interests. This article furthermore contains the "exceptions" that are to the advantage of libraries or of didactics and scientific research.Cooperation and consortiumsThe last two years have shown considerable progress in the field of cooperation activities, confirming also in Italy the current tendencies at international level. These developments generally - but with different nuances - regard various types of libraries and involve different sectors of activity, from those already established (such as cataloguing and purchases) to emerging activities, more directly linked with the diffusion of Internet (management and development of digital resources, etc.).Access to information and the development of electronic collections are surely the areas that are most involved in the new cooperation initiatives. The university sector is that which demonstrates most vitality in this area, but a certain recent enterprise of state and public libraries should be noted. The initiatives promoted by two large university computer consortiums should also be mentioned: the Cilea and Caspur.The CiBit project for digitalisation, archiving and networking, with a special research interface for Italian literature texts should be noted.In Italian universities, as in other developed countries, the idea of creating alternative models of academic electronic publishing is being increasingly encouraged: in this field mention must be made of the initiative of the University of Florence with the Firenze University Press project.On-line cataloguesThe catalogues of Italian libraries available through Internet number 420. For the year 2001 growth stabilized around 15% and mainly regarded the local body systems, the libraries of which cover municipal or provincial areas.The Italian university OPACs (On line Public Access Catalog) form approximately 40% of the total.National Library Service (SBN) and national projectsIn the last two years the SBN network has been established as the largest public network of libraries in Italy, both due to the number of libraries participating and to the considerable increase in the information in the catalogue: at the end of the year 2001 the libraries numbered approximately 1400, the size of the national collective catalogue was 5,500,000 titles (corresponding to approximately 12 million localizations, that is mentions of the presence of the works in the participating libraries). Daily hits, also as a result of the availability on Internet of the catalogue, are currently on average 160,000 on weekdays, with high points on some days of over 200,000 hits.Other cooperation projects are underway in the field of antique books and manuscripts.The Anagrafe delle biblioteche italiane (Registry of Italian libraries) data base, it too available for consultation on Internet, provides an instrument of general information on the patrimonies, services to the public and specializations of approximately 12,500 libraries.But it is "SBN on line" that has really marked a further step forward towards the improvement of the services: from a single access point, with identical modalities, users can consult catalogues of different institutions (libraries, archives, museums); they can compile a bibliography according to their own specific requirements by integrating information sources; they can also locate documents and ask for them on loan or in reproduced form.Formation, occupation and professionItaly also considers university formation as the basis for the initial preparation of librarians. In the nineties especially, the degree course in Preservation of Cultural Heritage was a source of considerable attraction among young people and in the year 2000/01 it ended up having over 23,000 students registered in the 17 universities offering the course as well as almost 3,000 registered in various related diploma courses (Operators of Cultural Heritage), for a total of 26,339 students. As a whole this is a small sector with respect to all university education (1.6% of the total of students, 2% of those enrolled, 0.6% of those graduated or having obtained diplomas), but a large group with respect to the degree or diploma "arts" group into which it is statistically inserted (16% of those registered, 23% of those enrolled and 7% of those graduated or having obtained diplomas).In the year 2000/01, the first year of the "3+2" university reform, among the 42 first level degree classes, that in Sciences of Cultural Heritage is at the 12th place as regards number of enrolled (9079) and is generally in the first place among the characteristic courses in the Arts Faculty (in the order Arts, Sciences and technologies of figurative arts, of music, entertainment and fashion, Philosophy, Historical Sciences). Sixty-six percent of the students in the degree courses in the archive-library field are female.As a whole the number of students registered is certainly greatly increased with the new courses (9079 enrolled in 2001/02 as against the 5920 of the previous year, +53%). The current offer is of 71 courses in 41 universities: among these, 9 (in a like number of universities) are specifically dedicated to the formation of librarians and archivists, while 33, 2 of which by distance-learning, have a general nature (18 with a specialization for librarians and archivists), and 29 regard other specific sectors (artistic, archaeological, musical, etc., heritage ). Overall, there are therefore at least 27 courses aimed at the formation of librarians, in 26 universities and with locations in 25 different cities.Those who graduated in Cultural Heritage have up to now obtained rapid and effective insertion into the world of work, initially above all with assistance initiatives or contract jobs but also with permanent employment, demonstrating among other things their capacity to temporarily or permanently exploit employment opportunities even in related fields (publishing, multimedia production, Web services, communications, etc.).Generally speaking, the offer of long-term employment in public administration is about 180 positions per year. The main employers are the local bodies, with 64%, followed by the Universities with 27%. Absent for years now is the Ministry for Cultural Heritage (except for two small competitions in 1998 and 1999); some offers come from the sector of research (institutions of the CNR and other bodies, for 7% in the three-year period under consideration), and exceptionally from other public bodies.From the point of view of geographic distribution, the vast majority of the jobs offered is in the North (72%, as against 11% in the Centre and 17% in the South and in the islands), and the percentage exceeds 80% for places in the local bodies: about half of the jobs offered by Italian local bodies are in the region of Lombardy; this is followed at a great distance by Emilia Romagna and then the Veneto region. In the universities, the distribution is a little less unbalanced, again with Lombardy in the first place but with a good offer also in regions of the Centre (Lazio) or of the South (Campania, Puglia).The offer of contract employment or with assistance positions is very active, both through competitions and screening for contract jobs in public administrations and through the search for assistants by service companies, mainly in the field of cataloguing, and of library structures: we can consider that through these forms of selection approximately 300 persons per year find temporary employment.The Italian Libraries Association and the Professional RegisterAn indicator of the dynamism of the profession is given also by the activity of the Italian Libraries Association (AIB) which, during the year 2000 extended to include all twenty Italian regions and considerably increased its number of members: 4407 members (+2% with respect to the previous year). This shows a much larger and clearer growth than that of employment in the sector, which therefore testifies to a greater group thrust, of "self-recognition" and identification, while a considerable number of occasional registrations remain: these are not renewed with any continuity.Since 1998, the AIB manages the Italian Professional Register of librarians, a private register that was established along the lines indicated by the European directives on the recognition of professional titles and by the bills on the unrecognised professions presented in the last legislatures but not yet approved. On 31 December 2001 the Register had 566 qualified librarians enrolled, 160 of which enrolled during the last year.The following persons co-operated to this work: Giovanni Solimine (Introduction); Luca Bellingeri, Gianni Lazzari (Law); Anna Maria Mandillo (Law, SBN and national projects); Gabriele Mazzitelli, Serafina Spinelli (Academic library systems); Tommaso Giordano (Cooperation and consortia); Antonella De Robbio (Italian OPACs); Vanni Bertini (Automation systems in Italy); Alberto Petrucciani (Training, employment and profession). ; Hanno collaborato alla redazione del Rapporto: Giovanni Solimine (Introduzione); Luca Bellingeri, Gianni Lazzari (Legislazione); Anna Maria Mandillo (Legislazione, SBN e progetti nazionali); Gabriele Mazzitelli, Serafina Spinelli (Sistemi bibliotecari di ateneo); Tommaso Giordano (Cooperazione e consorzi); Antonella De Robbio (OPAC italiani); Vanni Bertini (Sistemi di automazione in Italia); Alberto Petrucciani (Formazione, occupazione e professione).

SUMMARY: This article studies the rise and fall of the Red Death legend as a modern media phenomenon during the last decades of the Russian Empire. From the very beginning, Nikonian anti-sectarian propaganda accused Russian Old Believers of fanatically inhumane practices, which translated into the urban legends of human sacrifices practiced by some heterodox religious communities. In the late nineteenth century, one such hitherto marginal legend – about the Old Believers-Wanderers' allegedly suffocating their coreligionists using a red pillow – came to the fore of Russia's public opinion under the name of "Red Death." A small community of radical Old Believers seeking a catacomb existence in isolation from any established social institutions, the Wanderers found themselves at the center of a public scandal. There were several criminal trials and police investigations of Wanderers on charges of ritual murder; local and central newspapers and even academic journals published stories substantiating the legend. However, between the mid-1890s and the early 1910s, the public discourse on the Wanderers underwent a sea change. Sensationalist allegations of ritual murder were increasingly opposed by both left- and right-leaning commentators and experts. In the rapidly nationalizing Russian Empire, in the age of mass politics, the Wanderers were recoded from religious marginals into members of the ethnically Russian majority. Against the backdrop of the Multan case against Udmurts who were allegedly practicing ritual murder and the Jewish blood libel of the Beilis case, the Red Death legend appeared to equate the Wanderers and thus Russians with the ultimate "minorities." Therefore, modern Russian nationalists, regardless of their political views, prefer to discard the Red Death allegation altogether lest it compromise the claim of ethnic Russians for hegemony as a modern nation. Резюме: В статье исследуются причины взлета и падения популярности легенды о "Красной смерти" как модерного медиафеномена в послед-ние десятилетия существования Российской империи. Никонианская антисектантская пропаганда с самого начала обвиняла русских старо-обрядцев в фанатизме и бесчеловечных обрядах, что нашло отражение в слухах о человеческих жертвоприношениях, будто бы практикуемых некоторыми старообрядческими согласиями. В конце XIX века один из таких местных слухов о старообрядцах-странниках ("бегунах"), якобы душивших своих единоверцев красной подушкой, неожиданно обрел общероссийский резонанс в виде легенды о "Красной смерти". В центре общественного скандала оказалась небольшая община старообрядцев, стремившихся к изоляции от мира, а на практике избегавших контактов с любыми официальными институтами. Странники оказались фигуран-тами нескольких судебных процессов и уголовных расследований по обвинению в ритуальном убийстве; местные и центральные газеты и даже научные журналы публиковали статьи, обсуждающие эту легенду как достоверные сведения. Однако между серединой 1890-х и началом 1910-х годов публичный дискурс о странниках претерпел кардиналь-ные изменения. Сенсационные обвинения в ритуальном убийстве все чаще встречали отпор со стороны комментаторов и экспертов разных политических взглядов, как левых, так и правых. В стремительно на-ционализирующейся Российской империи, в эпоху массовой полити-ки, произошло "перекодирование" странников: прежде в них видели религиозных маргиналов, а теперь все чаще воспринимали как членов этнически русского большинства, пусть и несколько специфических. Легенда о "Красной смерти" вставала в один ряд с "Мултанским делом" против удмуртов, якобы практиковавших ритуальные убийства, и "де-лом Бейлиса" как наиболее известным эпизодом еврейского кровавого навета. Тем самым странники, а значит и этнические русские в целом, уравнивались в отсталости и дикости с "национальными меньшинства-ми". Поэтому модерные русские националисты, независимо от своих политических взглядов, предпочли отвергать существование "Красной смерти" в принципе, чтобы не компрометировать претензии этнических русских на доминирующую роль в империи как модерной нации.

Thomas A. Berry and Nicholas DeBenedetto


In the Fall of 2020, public schools in Springfield, Missouri implemented mandatory "equity" training. All employees of the school district were required to attend a session, not just teachers. The employees were told that if they did not participate, the school district would dock their pay and they could lose necessary professional development credit.
The training topics included "Oppression, White Supremacy, and Systemic Racism" and tools on "how to become Anti‐​Racist educators." Training sessions included several interactive exercises that required participants to share reactions to videos, write down answers to instructor questions, answer multiple‐​choice questions, and fill out charts related to concepts presented by the training.
Brooke Henderson and Jennifer Lumley, two non‐​teacher employees, strongly disagreed with many of the views advanced by the school district through the training sessions. These sessions taught that believing in colorblindness is a form of white supremacy; that systemic racism is "woven into the very foundation of American culture, society, and laws"; and that American institutions all contribute to or reinforce "the oppression of marginalized social groups while elevating dominant social groups." Participants were also told that being sufficiently "anti‐​racist" means not remaining "silent or inactive" because doing so constitutes "white silence"—a form of white supremacy.
During training sessions, employees were required to answer questions and give responses affirming these assertions. For example, some of the questions presented two answers, only one of which was correct in the eyes of the school district. In order to advance through the modules and receive credit, participants had to give the school district‐​approved answer. To complete their training, Henderson and Lumley both gave many answers that they did not actually believe.
Henderson and Lumley, represented by the Southeastern Legal Foundation, filed suit and raised several claims under the First Amendment including compelled speech, content and viewpoint discrimination, and unconstitutional conditions of employment. But the district court held in favor of the school district and ruled that Henderson and Lumley would have to pay the school district over $300,000 in legal fees and sanctions.
Henderson and Lumley have appealed to the Eighth Circuit, and Cato has filed an amicus brief supporting that appeal. Our brief focuses on two aspects of the district court's decision that raise substantial First Amendment issues. First, the court's analysis of the plaintiffs' compelled speech claim conflicts with the Supreme Court's foundational decision in West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette (1943). Barnette makes clear that a person suffers a First Amendment injury at the moment he or she is required to affirm a belief to which he or she objects. Plaintiffs repeatedly had to provide the "correct" response and profess agreement with the school district's ideas about equity, white supremacy, and racism, even though they strongly disagreed.
Second, the district court's decision to award attorneys' fees and sanctions violates the First Amendment right of the plaintiffs to participate in public‐​interest litigation. The district court justified its exorbitant award by referencing the​plaintiffs' desire to advance a political cause in this litigation. But the Supreme Court explicitly held in NAACP v. Button (1963) and In re Primus (1978) that advancing a cause through good‐​faith public‐​interest litigation is an important First Amendment right, not something to be punished. Penalizing litigants for exercising their First Amendment freedoms will only chill future good‐​faith litigation.
If allowed to stand, the district court's opinion would invite government employers to undermine key First Amendment principles and would chill legitimate public‐​interest litigation. The Eighth Circuit should correct these errors and reverse the decision of the district court.

This article seeks to clarify the concept of democracy within Gianni Vattimo's nihilistic hermeneutics. The main objective is to establish the guidelines that give meaning to the author's rhetoric around public issues, which is linked to a conceptual framework known by historiography as the "left Heideggerian" position. This Heideggerianism is intended to be left-wing as an anarchist or communist agenda against the institutions of liberal democracy as part of a pessimistic diagnosis of the hegemonic regime of the West, which it considers "metaphysical" and "lack of emergency", that is, supposedly impervious to changes and social demands. The Turinese, however, pretends to be a supporter of democracy in a different sense, in the formula "from dialogue to conflict". In this context, we will try to show the effective use of "democracy" as a political and social concept in the works of Vattimo, as well as to observe its possible inconsistencies and to find discursive consistency in them. To do this, it will be shown that the Turinese is within a pluralist version of democracy by means of a comparative analysis with the radical version of democracy offered by Chantall Mouffe in 2004. With this procedure, an attempt is made to give indications to reinterpret the left Heideggerian position as an alternative form of liberal political regime in the pluralist key or the hermeneutic radical democracy. As a balance, this proposal to incorporate nihilist rhetoric into a democratic theory would have the advantage of giving conceptual space to social conflicts as part of the dynamics of recognition of diversity within democracy, moving from a metaphysical and closed position to one open to listening to difference and social change. ; Este artículo intenta esclarecer el concepto de democracia dentro de la hermenéutica nihilista de Gianni Vattimo. El objetivo principal es establecer las pautas que dan sentido a la retórica del autor en torno de temas públicos, que este encuentra ligado a un marco conceptual que la historiografía conoce como la posición "heideggeriana de izquierdas". Este heideggerianismo se pretende de izquierdas en tanto agenda anarquista o comunista contra las instituciones de la democracia liberal como parte de un diagnóstico pesimista sobre el régimen hegemónico del Occidente, que considera "metafísico" y "falta de emergencia", esto es, supuestamente impermeable a los cambios y reivindicaciones sociales. El turinés, sin embargo, pretende ser partidario de la democracia en un sentido distinto, en la fórmula "del diálogo al conflicto"; en este contexto, intentaremos mostrar el uso efectivo de "democracia" como concepto político y social en las obras de Vattimo, observar sus posibles incoherencias y ver la manera de encontrarles consistencia discursiva. Para eso, se va a mostrar que el turinés se halla dentro de una versión pluralista de la democracia por medio de un análisis comparativo con la versión radical de la democracia ofrecida por Chantall Mouffe en 2004. Con este procedimiento, se intenta dar indicios para reinterpretar la posición heideggeriana de izquierda como una forma alternativa de régimen político liberal en la clave pluralista o de democracia radical hermenéutica. Como un balance, esta propuesta de incorporar la retórica nihilista en una teoría democrática tendría la ventaja de dar cabida conceptual a los conflictos sociales como parte de las dinámicas de reconocimiento de la diversidad dentro de la democracia, pasando desde una postura metafísica y cerrada a otra abierta a la escucha de la diferencia y el cambio social.

In any group of power the prestige of the families that make up the group varies in time. By studying these variations we can better comprehend the evolution and the span of life of the inner cycle of power of these groups. In this article we study the dynamic of the nuclear families of the Cabildo of Buenos Aires from 1700 to 1820. We apply an approach of analysis of social networks that allows us to perceive how nuclear families emerge by marriage and expand on bloodline and reproduction, as well as by ritual ties through sponsor institutions, commercial and political associations. We found, in this sense, a hierarchical class of families based on different criteria of individual importance within the network that ultimately depend on economic support related to different activities, to social attributes such as racial purity, distinction of social classes or bloodlines as well as by carrying relevant political positions in the council. We illustrate our analysis with visualizations and estimates of the relative importance of each family and how this importance varied during the analyzed period of time. ; En cualquier grupo de poder el prestigio de las familias que lo componen fluctúa en el tiempo. Al analizar estas fluctuaciones, comprendemos mejor la evolución y el ciclo de vida interno del poder de estos grupos. En este artículo estudiamos la dinámica de las familias nucleares del Cabildo de Buenos Aires desde 1700 hasta 1820. Aplicamos un enfoque de análisis de redes sociales que nos permite observar cómo las familias nucleares surgen a través de matrimonios y se expanden a través de la línea consanguínea por reproducción, así como por lazos rituales a través de instituciones de padrinos y asociaciones comerciales y políticas. Encontramos, en este sentido, un ordenamiento jerárquico de familias con base a diferentes criterios de importancia individual dentro de la red que se sustentan en última instancia en el apoyo económico de acuerdo a las respectivas actividades, en atributos sociales como la limpieza de sangre y la distinción o linaje así como en el desempeño de cargos políticamente relevantes en el ayuntamiento. Ilustramos nuestros análisis con visualizaciones y estimaciones de la importancia relativa de cada familia y de cómo esta importancia cambió durante el periodo analizado. ; Em qualquer grupo de poder, o prestígio das famílias que o compõem oscila ao longo do tempo. Ao analisar essas flutuações entendemos melhor a evolução e o ciclo de vida interno do poder desses grupos. Este artigo estuda a dinâmica das famílias nucleares do Cabildo de Buenos Aires de 1700 a 1820. Aplicamos uma abordagem de análise de redes sociais que nos permite observar como as famílias surgem por meio de casamentos e se expandem por meio da linha consanguínea através da reprodução, como também por laços rituais por meio de instituições de padrinhos e associações comerciais e políticas. Encontramos, neste sentido, uma ordenação hierárquica das famílias com base em diferentes critérios de importância individual da rede em que se sustentam, em última instância, no suporte econômico de acordo com as respectivas atividades, em atributos sociais como purificação do sangue e distinção ou linhagem, bem como no desempenho de cargos politicamente relevantes na prefeitura. Ilustramos nossa análise com visualizações e estimativas da importância relativa de cada família e de como essa importância mudou durante o período em estudo.

Smart grid is a combination of technologies that emerged in response to the rapid changes in the way humans generate, transfer, distribute and use energy. The smart grid paradigm shifts the focus from bulk generation with centralised grid control to distributed electricity generation, energy storage and greater consumer participation in grid operations. Many organisations and institutions are contributing to this initiative by developing new frameworks, architectures and standards that aim to support its adoption and improvement. Most of these new developments are based on modern Information Communication Technology (ICT) such as the Internet of Things (IoT). Although many governments have made commitments to pursue smart grid as part of their national policies and strategies, some nations, especially those with developing economies, have struggled to make significant strides in smart grid deployment. An important characteristic of smart grid is its resilience and its ability to self-heal, enabled by better use of grid knowledge and the distribution of grid intelligence. This creates a challenge for many utilities that need to improve their existing grid ICT infrastructure to meet more stringent communication requirements. These requirements will likely include very high communication reliability with high throughput and low latency. Although most networks can be developed or improved to meet these requirements using modern network hardware, the cost and complexity involved in implementing such designs in large-scale distribution grid networks may be too high. To overcome this challenge alternative ways of designing smart grid communication networks using software approaches are needed. This study proposes a new software-based networking platform, based on Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technology, that aims to support smart grid reliability by enabling reliability-centred smart grid systems and by reacting immediately to communication problems using real-time monitoring techniques. Using the principles of software defined networking (SDN), network functions virtualisation (NFV) and machine-tomachine communication (M2M), the design proposed in this work aims to provide a more flexible and affordable approach to developing and maintaining large-scale grid communication networks while offering several features that improve grid reliability and performance. Experimental simulations were conducted with this architecture implemented in an emulated network environment, using a topology based on a model of a real city distribution grid. Results from the experimental evaluation show that a software-based communication network is easy to set up, maintain and scale using virtual machines capable of running on existing grid IT infrastructure. Furthermore, the results show that by using the features of SDN, NFV and M2M a smart grid communication network can be designed that can automatically detect and recover from at least six different simulated communication failures without impacting the operation of a functional smart grid application supported by the network. The results also support this platform's capability to reduce network congestion using a scheduled network data buffering service, resulting in end-to-end network latency improvements from 0.6 seconds to 0.05 milliseconds. From these results, we conclude that software-based networking can offer promising design alternatives for smart distribution grids, capable of improving the grid's overall reliability. This conclusion is drawn from the fact that software-based networks not only offer many features that can improve communication reliability and performance, but also have the potential to reduce the cost and complexity of network implementation and maintenance. This study can potentially improve the uptake of smart grid as it offers utilities design options that are more flexible and affordable to implement and maintain.

This study aims to analyze to what extent the provision of the rights of special needs groups has been implemented and provide recommendations related to the additional infrastructure outside the regulation of the Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform (PANRB) Number 17 of 2017. This study is vital since the government institutions still lack attention to fulfilling the rights of persons with disabilities. In accordance with the mandate of Law Number. 25 of 2009 concerning Public Services, public service providers are obliged to provide special facilities and infrastructure for special needs groups without any additional charge. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative by analyzing the existing literature (library research). Then data collection through field observations (observations), interviews, and other library sources. This study tries to look at the completeness of special facilities and infrastructure for people with special needs that are provided by recommending twenty-two standards for infrastructure intended for "people with special needs". Some public service providers relatively have almost met the standards. However, there are also public service providers which still need to be encouraged to meet these standards. It is necessary to have the political will of regional leaders to prioritize the provision of facilities and infrastructure to support public services for people with special needs. Amid limited regional resources, prioritizing the stages of fulfilment (road map) of these special facilities needs to be prepared, and partnerships also collaborations with other strategic partners can be developed to help meet these special service standards. There are limitations in this research: only three public service providers are the locus of the study, including hospitals, the Department of Population and Civil Registration, and the Department of Investment and the One-Stop Service, so that it does not represent the condition of public services in a city. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis sejauh mana pemenuhan hak-hak kelompok berkebutuhan khusus telah diimplementasikan dan memberikan rekomendasi terkait dengan sarana-prasarana tambahan di luar peraturan Kementerian PANRB Nomor 17 Tahun 2017. Penelitian ini penting untuk dilakukan karena masih kurangnya perhatian lembaga pemerintah dalam hal pemenuhan hak-hak penyandang disabilitas. Sesuai pasal 29 UU No. 25 Tahun 2009 bahwa penyelenggara pelayanan publik berkewajiban menyediakan sarana dan prasarana khusus bagi masyarakat berkebutuhan khusus tanpa pembebanan biaya tambahan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengamatan lapangan, wawancara, dan sumber pustaka. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan kondisi sarana dan prasarana khusus bagi masyarakat berkebutuhan khusus yang disediakan dengan merekomendasikan dua puluh dua standar sarana prasarana bagi masyarakat berkebutuhan khusus. Beberapa penyedia pelayanan publik relatif sudah memenuhi sarana prasarana tersebut. Namun, juga terdapat penyedia layanan publik yang perlu didorong untuk memenuhi standar pelayanan khusus tersebut. Untuk memenuhi standar pelayanan bagi kelompok rentan, diperlukan political will pemimpin daerah untuk turut memprioritaskan penyediaan sarana dan prasarana penunjang pelayanan publik bagi masyarakat berkebutuhan khusus. Di tengah keterbatasan sumberdaya daerah, maka pengutamaan tahapan pemenuhan (road map) fasilitas khusus tersebut perlu disiapkan, serta pola-pola kemitraan dan kolaborasi dengan mitra strategis lainnya dapat dikembangkan untuk membantu memenuhi standar pelayanan khusus tersebut. Keterbatasan penelitian ini yaitu hanya mencakup tiga penyelenggara pelayanan publik, yang meliputi RSUD, Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil dan Dinas Penanaman Modal dan Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu sehingga tidak menggambarkan kondisi pelayanan publik suatu daerah. Kata Kunci: pelayanan publik, aksesibilitas, berkebutuhan khusus, fasilitas, infrastruktur

The research aimed to analyze the progress of local governance in times of pandemic in the San Martin Region. The article is of basic type, theoretical dogmatic; the design is the systematic review, 21 articles were selected the same ones that come from the virtual search engines: Google, Discover, ProQuest, EBSCO and Academic, as an inclusion criterion, it was considered that these do not exceed 5 years of seniority and that they find in English and Spanish. The studies found are organized from the European, Asian, North American and Latin American contexts. It is important to point out that the studies mentioned above are correlated with the approach that the priorities around the concept of local governance, which is designed to the capacity for timely, efficient and effective management and resolution of issues of public interest, Common conceptual areas are immediately found with the proposal to decentralize the State. The disconnect between local governments and public officials makes it difficult to meet the needs and requirements of public services, comprehensive efforts through government action and governance are essential for cooperation. Local governments during the pandemic reiterated the vulnerability and inadequacy of public and state management. Mainly, it emphasizes the urgent need for local governments and institutions to know the demands of society, the pandemic has also evidenced the almost zero value of public management to research and innovation in scientific areas, and social; situation that requires investment and prevention in equipment and infrastructure of services in the health sector in the country, develop strategic planning based on information, the reconstruction of the citizenry that assists in the generation and promotion of governance based on the authority of political power and the dissemination of information as well as the communication of plans. ; La investigación se planteó como objetivo analizar los avances de la gobernabilidad local en épocas de pandemia en la Región San Martin. El artículo es de tipo básico, dogmática teórica; el diseño es la revisión sistemática, se seleccionaron 21 artículos los mismos que provienen de los buscadores virtuales: Google, Discover, ProQuest, EBSCO y Académico, como criterio de inclusión se consideró que estos no superen los 5 años de antigüedad y que hallen en inglés e español. Los estudios encontrados se encuentran organizados desde el contexto europeo, asiático, norteamericano y Latinoamericano. Siendo importante precisar que los estudios mencionados tienen correlación con el enfoque que las prioridades en torno al concepto de gobernabilidad local, el cual es concebido a la capacidad de gestión y resolución oportuna, eficiente y eficaz de temas de interés público, inmediatamente se hallan ámbitos comunes conceptuales con la propuesta de descentralizar el Estado. La desconexión entre los gobiernos locales y los funcionarios públicos dificulta satisfacer las necesidades y cumplir requerimientos de los servicios públicos, los esfuerzos integrales a través de la acción gubernamental y la gobernanza son esenciales para la cooperación. Los gobiernos locales durante la pandemia reiteraron la vulnerabilidad e insuficiencia de la gestión pública y estatal. Principalmente, se enfatiza la urgente necesidad de que los gobiernos locales y e instituciones conozcan las demandas de la sociedad, la pandemia también ha evidenciado el casi nulo valor de la gestión pública a la investigación y la innovación en áreas científicas, y sociales; situación que requiere invertir y prevención en equipamiento e infraestructura de los servicios en el sector de la salud en el país, desarrollar la planificación estratégica en base a información, la reconstrucción de la ciudadanía que colabore la generación y promoción de la gobernabilidad en base a la autoridad del poder político y la difusión de la información así como la comunicación de planes.

ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas ; La Calidad del Aire - CDA se plantea como una condición ambiental estructural y recurrente tiene una conexión importante con el cambio climático, en sus diferentes escalas espaciales global, nacional, departamental, municipal y local. La mala calidad del aire es la amenaza ambiental que no tiene límites ni fronteras, que ha implicado al menos 660 muertes prematuras al año en la ciudad de Bogotá. Esta problemática, impacta la salud y vida de personas en condiciones de mayor vulnerabilidad a la contaminación atmosférica relacionadas con aspectos geográficos, socioeconómicos, modos de vida y consumo, economía urbana y formas de ejercer gobierno. Por ello, es importante comprender la complejidad de factores que conlleva la preservación de la CDA para su gestión dentro del gobierno urbano. El análisis de la gestión de la CDA demanda una relación directa con un espacio urbano por ello se aborda a la ciudad de Bogotá que sustenta el caso de estudio, manejando una temporalidad referida a la recolección de información de tres años (2018 – 2020), desde una visión interdisciplinaria, saliéndose del enfoque técnico tradicional para entender la CDA como un sistema complejo desde tres dimensiones la ambiental, socioeconómica y gobierno administrativo. Con una perspectiva de justicia ambiental, gobernanza del recurso natural, impactos en la salud, y su relación con los subsistemas de la ciudad como el productivo y movilidad. Teniendo en cuenta la política pública, en cuanto a instituciones, sectores y actores relacionados para su adecuada gestión. Se aporta al proceso relacional de la gestión de los centros urbanos el aplicar el conocimiento, los datos sistematizados, la Big Data y la tecnología, generando evidencia que contribuya a la toma de decisiones dentro de una gestión pública, institucional y ciudadana, que permitan gestionar sin abandonar el desarrollo y vincular a los actores urbanos en esta solución. (Texto tomado de la fuente). ; Air Quality - AQ arises as a structural and recurring environmental condition that has an important connection with climate change, in its different global, national, departmental, municipal and local spatial scales. Poor air quality is an environmental threat that has no limits or borders, which has involved at least 660 premature deaths a year in the city of Bogotá. This problem impacts the health and life of people in conditions of greater vulnerability to air pollution related to geographical, socioeconomic, ways of life and consumption, urban economy and ways of exercising government. Therefore, it is important to understand the complexity of factors involved in the preservation of the AQ for its management within the urban government. The analysis of the management of the AQ demands a direct relationship with an urban space, therefore, the city of Bogotá that supports the case study is approached, managing a temporality referred to the collection of information of three years (2018 - 2020), from an interdisciplinary perspective, leaving the traditional technical approach to understand AQ as a complex system from three dimensions: environmental, socioeconomic and administrative government. With a perspective of environmental justice, natural resource governance, health impacts, and its relationship with the city's subsystems such as production and mobility. Taking into account public policy, in terms of institutions, sectors and related actors for its proper management. The application of knowledge, systematized data, Big Data and technology is contributed to the relational process of the management of urban centers, generating evidence that contributes to decision-making within a public, institutional and citizen management, which allows to manage without abandoning development and linking urban actors in this solution. ; Incluye anexos ; Maestría ; Magíster en Gobierno Urbano ; Gobierno urbano y políticas públicas

ABSTRAK Angka korban akibat pandemi Covid-19 yang melanda Kota Surabaya semakin hari semakin bertambah. Permasalahan yang terjadi di kehidupan masyarakat bahwa kenaikan pendapatan per kapita mungkin tidak menaikkan standar hidup riil masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengembangan ekonomi lokal dalam pemulihan pasca pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian yang dilakukan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Ruang lingkup penelitian adalah optimalisasi sektor unggulan Kota Surabaya dalam pemulihan ekonomi pasca pandemi Covid-19 dengan menggunakan pendekatan Blakely dan Bradesaw (2003) yaitu pengembangan basis ekonomi, kelembagaan, pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM), dan pengembangan teknologi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah diperoleh adalah pengembangan basis ekonomi Kota Surabaya pada masa pandemi sudah menerapkan pertumbuhan ekonomi berbasis lokalitas yang bertumpu pada sektor penyediaan akomodasi dan makan. Dari segi kelembagaan, Organisasi Perangkat Daerah (OPD) Kota Surabaya sudah saling berkoordinasi dan berkolaborasi melakukan berbagai pelatihan untuk pelaku ekonomi. secara garis besar sudah melaksanakan beberapa pelatihan dan pendampingan kepada UMKM, namun masih ada catatan yang perlu diperbaiki. Faktor yang diperhatikan dalam pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) di Kota Surabaya adalah kendala jaringan usaha. Dengan adanya pandemi yang melanda, banyak sekali jaringan yang sudah terbentuk, mendadak mengalami pengurangan bahkan pemutusan dalam distribusi barang dan jasa. Dalam pengembangan teknologi, Pemerintah Kota Surabaya berkolaborasi dengan pihak swasta dalam mendukung pelaku UMKM. Selain pihak swasta, berbagai pihak seperti peneliti, lembaga penelitian, dunia usaha dan lainnya diupayakan mendukung kegiatan pemerintah. Marketplace merupakan salah satu media penggerak ekonomi nasional era kompetitif global dan di masa pandemi Covid-19. Kata Kunci: Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal (PEL), Pandemi Covid-19 ABSTRACT Covid-19 pandemic that struck Surabaya is increasing day by day. The problem that occurs in people's lives is that the increase in per capita income may not raise the real standard of living of the community. The purpose of this study is to analyze the development of the local economy in recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic. Research conducted using qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The scope of the research is the optimization of the leading sectors of Surabaya in economic recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic using the Blakely and Bradesaw (2003) approach, namely the development of economic bases, institutions, development of Human Resources, and technology development. Based on the results of research that has been obtained and is the development of the economic base of the Surabaya during the pandemic, it has implemented a locality-based economic growth that relies on the sector of providing accommodation and food. From an institutional perspective, the Surabaya Regional Apparatus Organization (OPD) has coordinated and collaborated to conduct various trainings for economic players. Broadly speaking, it has carried out some training and mentoring to UMKM, but there are still notes that need to be improved. The factor to be considered in the development of Human Resources in Surabaya is the constraints of the business network. With the pandemic that has hit, many networks that have been formed have suddenly experienced a reduction or even cutouts in the distribution of goods and services. In developing technology, the Surabaya City Government collaborates with the private sector in supporting UMKM players. Apart from the private sector, various parties such as researchers, research institutes, the business community and others are made to support government activities. The marketplace is one of the media driving the national economy in the global competitive era and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Local Economic Development (LED), Covid-19 Pandemic DOI : https://doi.org/10.33005/jdg.v11i1.2484

A qualified analysis on the effects and expansion of cybercrimes requires a specialized approach from a Criminologist´s point of view. The profiling of cybercrime incidents allows us to collect relevant information about some behavioral facts that have been molded by the constant evolution of technology. Some issues have triggered the outreach of a cybercrime environment like hyper-connectivity trends, an anonymous professional profile in the use of up-to-date technology or the self-acquired skills to use software programs in a cybercrime anonymous space, or the use of cybercrime as a resource to target down against individual victims and political and economic infrastructures. Social changes generated by technology innovations have a direct effect on our economic, social, and political well-being. For each technological innovation there is a parallel world where an antisocial behavior merges and uses technology for its own benefit and to infringe damage to individuals and/or any political or economic network. One of the main objectives of this article is to outline the importance of Criminology studies as part of the specialized training for all Justice workers in Central America´s judicial system in order to draw and enforce assertive crime policies in the region that counterbalance the rapid expansion of cybercrime. Through the identification of cybercrime motivations, we can elaborate interesting field studies about this criminological phenomenon in our Latin American region. Both prevention and efforts against the expanding of cybercrimes are the main priorities in the coordination and cooperation strategies of various police institutions in our region (see Ameripol or Interpol), as a reminder of the Budapest Convention cyber security guidelines and other international liaisons approved and established in the Central American region to work against all types of organized crime, including cybercrimes. ; El análisis de la incidencia y expansión del ciberdelito requiere de un enfoque complementario y especializado que viene dado por la Criminología. La perfilación en el ámbito del ciberdelito nos permite recopilar y analizar información sobre rasgos de comportamiento que han sido moldeados por la evolución tecnológica, la hiperconectividad, el anonimato en el manejo profesional o empírico de programas creados y/o utilizados para la comisión de delitos en el ciberespacio, y la utilización del delito informático como medio dirigido contra personas individuales e infraestructuras políticas y económicas. Los cambios sociales generados por las nuevas tecnologías afectan nuestro bienestar económico, social y político. Ante cada innovación tecnológica crece en paralelo la conducta antisocial que la utiliza para su beneficio y en detrimento de terceros. El presente trabajo pretende destacar la importancia que merece la Criminología como parte integrante de la especialización y permanente capacitación de los operadores de Justicia penal con el objetivo de implementar políticas de persecución penal que contrarresten la acelerada expansión de los delitos informáticos. Partiendo de la identificación de las motivaciones en la comisión de los delitos informáticos pueden elaborarse estudios interesantes sobre la incidencia de este fenómeno criminógeno en nuestra región latinoamericana, tomando como punto de referencia los estudios y análisis de expertos europeos y norteamericanos. La prevención y lucha contra la expansión del ciberdelito es una de las prioridades en la coordinación y cooperación de las diferentes instituciones policiales de la región (véase Ameripol o Interpol) en sintonía con las líneas de actuación dictadas por el Convenio de Budapest y en el marco de cooperación internacional contra el crimen organizado.

(GERMAN ABSTRACT SEE BELOW)


Overview

Data from standardized online survey of more than 700 German farmers (and non-farmers) on their preferences for government regulation to protect local farmers from competition through non-local or non-farm competitors when purchasing land in agricultural land markets. Find more detailed description on the survey and and dataset in metadata document Jauernig_LandmarketRegulation_DSDescriptionEN.pdf and the survey instrument Jauernig_LandmarketRegulation_SurveyInstrument.pdf. with English translation in Jauernig_LandmarketRegulation_SurveyInstrumentEN.pdf



Data generation


Recruitment for participation in online survey with standardized questionnaire by e-mail to farmers via several address lists (agricultural research institutions, associations, churches), mainly in North-Rhine Westphalia and Brandenburg. After evaluation of a pretest and feedback from farmers and other experts, the final questionnaire was created.

Survey period: February to May 2019



Survey instrument structure and content


The survey instrument is composed of four parts:

1) Attitude survey based on scenarios (vignette study): Scenario descriptions depict competitive situations between local farmers and out-of-town or non-agricultural competitors for the purchase of agricultural land: Participants are asked about their preferences for variants of government regulation with varying degrees of protection of local farmers over competitors. They had to choose from a scale of 13 response options ranging from unregulated transaction to various surcharge requirements to strict prohibition of sales to the respective competitors. Questionnaire variants with differences in the description of the competitor and the role of the respondent (observer or seller of the land) were randomly assigned. (2 items)
2) General (i.e., not scenario-specific) closed-ended items about attitudes toward current as well as desired regulation of agricultural land transactions. (10 items)
3) Closed-ended items about the role of agriculture in society and the economy, the appropriateness and justification, if any, for preferential treatment of the agricultural sector. (7 items)
4) Structural data on the agricultural enterprise and the respondent's person.



Data set description


The total dataset contains 717 observations (674 farmers, 43 non-farmers) and 73 variables. Variable B702 (county) was removed for anonymization purposes. For more information on data density and data quality, see the document "Jauernig_LandmarketRegulation_DSDescriptionEN.pdf" and the codebook with variable-level distribution information (Jauernig_LandmarketRegulation_CodebookEN.pdf).

Data are available in four formats: Stata (w bilingual labels), three versions of CSV with factor variable values represented as a) numerical codes, b) German labels, and c) Enlish labels.



GERMAN VERSION


Überblick

Daten aus standardisierter Online-Befragung unter über 700 deutschen Landwirten (und Nichtlandwirten) zu ihren Präferenzen für staatliche Regulierung zum Schutz ortsansässiger Landwirte gegenüber Konkurrenz durch ortsfremde bzw. landwirtschaftsfremde Konkurrenten beim Landkauf auf landwirtschaftlichen Bodenmärkten. Detailliertere Beschreibung von Datengewinnung und Datensatz im Metadatendokument "Jauernig_LandmarketRegulation_DSDescriptionDE.pdf" sowie im Befragungsinstrument "Jauernig_LandmarketRegulation_SurveyInstrument.pdf".



Datengewinnung

Rekrutierung zur Teilnahme an Online-Befragung mit standardisiertem Fragebogen durch E-Mail-Anschreiben von Landwirten über mehrere Adressenlisten (Agrarforschungseinrichtungen, Verbände, Kirchen), schwerpunktmäßig in NRW und Brandenburg. Nach Auswertung eines Pretests/Probebefragung und Rückmeldungen durch Landwirte und andere Fachleute wurde der endgültige
Fragebogen erstellt.

Befragungzeitraum: Februar bis Mai 2019



Fragebogenstruktur und -inhalt

Fragebogen aus vier Teilen:

1) Einstellungsabfrage anhand von Szenarien: In Szenarienbeschreibungen werden Konkurrenzsituationen zwischen örtlichen Landwirten und auswärtigen bzw. außerlandwirtschaftlichen Konkurrenten um den Kauf landwirtschaftlicher Flächen dargestellt: TeilnehmerInnen werden nach ihren Präferenzen für Varianten staatlicher Regulierung mit unterschiedlich starker Protektion ortsansässiger Landwirte gegenüber den Konkurrenten befragt. Sie hatten aus einer Skala von 13 Antwortoptionen von unregulierter Transaktion über verschiedene Aufpreisforderungen bis hin zum strikten Verbot des Verkaufs an Konkurrenten auszuwählen. Fragebogenvarianten mit Unterschieden bzgl. der Beschreibung des Konkurrenten sowie der Rolle des Respondenten (Beobachter oder Verkäufer des Landes) wurden randomisiert zugewiesen. (2 Items)

2) Allgemeine (d.h. nicht szenarienspezifische) geschlossene Fragen über Haltungen zur derzeitigen sowie der gewünschten Regulierung des landwirtschaftlichen Grundstücksverkehrs. (10 Items)

3) Geschlossene Fragen über die Stellung der Landwirtschaft in der Gesellschaft und Volkswirtschaft, der Angemessenheit und ggf. Begründung einer bevorzugten Behandlung des Sektors. (7 Items)

4) Strukturdaten zum Landwirtschaftsbetrieb und zur Person des Respondenten.



Datensatzbeschreibung

Der Gesamtdatensatz enthält 717 Beobachtungen (674 Landwirte, 43 Nichtlandwirte) und 73 Variablen. Die Variable B702 (Landkreis) wurde aus Gründen der Anonymisierung entfernt. Weitere Informationen über Datendichte und Datenqualität sind dem Dokument "Jauernig_LandmarketRegulation_DSDescriptionDE.pdf" und dem Codebook mit Verteilungsangaben auf Variablenebene (Jauernig_LandmarketRegulation_CodebookDE.pdf) zu entnehmen.

Die Daten werden in vier Formaten angeboten: Stata (mit Labelsätzen in Deutsch u Englisch), drei Versionen CSV Dateien mit folgenden Repräsentationen der Faktorvariablen: a) numerische Codes, b) deutschsprachige Labels, and c) englischsprachige Labels.

La discapacidad, lejos de su concepto técnico, es un fenómeno histórico-social con un desigual progreso. En un principio, las personas que poseen discapacidades sufrían persecuciones, proscripción, menospreciadas por medio de lenguaje despectivo y acciones físicas. Es por lo tal que varios entendidos en el tema, dedican esfuerzos investigativos o exploraciones a la búsqueda de innovaciones por medio de nuevas tecnologías de apoyo, con la objetiva de incluir y haciendo copartícipe a las personas con discapacidad a la sociedad. Como buena práctica entre las redes sociales de instituciones enfocadas a la ayuda e inclusión de personas con discapacidad se destaca la utilización de mecanismos para mantener informado a esta comunidad de personas sea por medio de videos o interpretaciones de las noticias relevantes adaptadas a s discapacidad. El reto de la propuesta es crear un periódico digital en la plataforma digital Facebook, que estará enlazado directamente desde la página web del Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado del cantón Babahoyo permitiendo generar un acceso a la información de gestión del mismo y a su vez una campaña de alfabetización del Lenguaje de seña, logrando captar la atención de las personas con discapacidad auditiva que posean acceso a los medios de comunicación digitales. En este trabajo la metodología a aplicar es de índole cualitativa puesto que las características básicas de los estudios cualitativos se pueden resumir en que son investigaciones centradas en los sujetos, que adoptan la perspectiva emic (descripción del hecho con la perspectiva de sus agentes) o del interior del fenómeno a estudiar de manera integral o completa. Este estudio el alcance será inductivo y el investigador interactúa con los participantes y con los datos, busca respuestas a preguntas que se centran en la experiencia social, cómo se crea y cómo da significado a la vida humana. ; Disability, far from its technical concept, is a historical-social phenomenon with uneven progress. Initially, people with disabilities were persecuted, banned, belittled through derogatory language and physical actions. That is why many scholars on the subject have dedicated a large part of their studies or research to the creation and innovation of new support technologies, with the aim of entering and involving people with disabilities in society. As a good practice among the social networks of institutions focused on the help and inclusion of people with disabilities, the use of mechanisms to keep this community of people informed is highlighted, either through videos or interpretations of relevant news adapted to their disability. The challenge of the proposal is to create a digital newspaper on the Facebook digital platform, which will be linked directly from the website of the Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Babahoyo canton, allowing the generation of access to its management information and, in turn, a literacy campaign for the Sign language, managing to capture the attention of people with hearing disabilities who have access to digital media. In this work, the methodology to be used will be qualitative since the basic characteristics of qualitative studies can be summarized in that they are investigations focused on the subjects, which adopt the emic perspective (description of the fact from the perspective of its agents) or from within the phenomenon to be studied comprehensively or completely. The scope of this study will be inductive and the researcher interacts with the participants and with the data, seeks answers to questions that focus on social experience, how it is created and how it gives meaning to human life. Keywords: DISABILITY, INCLUSION, FACEBOOK, DIGITAL NEWSPAPER, BABAHOYO ; Guayaquil ; Maestría en Comunicación con Mención en Comunicación Digital

The research has been carried out based on the importance of psychosocial factors within the workplace of the Autonomous Decentralized Government of the Canton Ambato and its Unit of Civil Traffic Agents in order to know if the aforementioned factors have become a risk to well-being Emotional of the Civil Traffic Officers. Through the application of the Navarro test, it will be possible to know the degree of risk that the psychosocial factors of civil traffic agents have, either: Adequate, Inadequate or Very Inadequate. The questionnaire consists of 30 questions divided into the following dimensions: participation, involvement and responsibility; training, information and communication; time management and group cohesion, finding in all dimensions that psychosocial risks are Inadequate and Very Inadequate. The performance grade of the GADMA Civil Traffic Agents was obtained through a technical evaluation carried out by the institution itself in December 2019, based on forms issued by the Ministry of Labor, which showed a regular performance within the activities that they carry out in their jobs. This qualification corresponds to a work situation with several shortcomings and inefficiencies. According to the results obtained, it has been possible to verify that the psychosocial risk factors influence the work performance of the Civil Traffic Officers of the GAD Municipality of Ambato. Therefore, improvement strategies were developed that minimize psychosocial risk factors in order to achieve optimal development in the activities of each Civil Traffic Agent, increasing productivity, satisfaction and work commitment within the GAD Municipality of Ambato. The factors influencing job performance such as job satisfaction, the work environment and the productivity of Civil Agents within their activities have been taken into account. ; La investigación se ha realizado a partir de la importancia de los factores psicosociales dentro del ámbito laboral del Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado del Cantón Ambato y su Unidad de Agentes Civiles de Tránsito con la finalidad de conocer si los mencionados factores se han tornado un riesgo para el bienestar emocional de los Agentes Civiles de Tránsito. Mediante la aplicación del test de Navarro se podrá conocer el grado de riesgo que tienen los factores psicosociales de los agentes civiles de tránsito ya sea: Adecuado, Inadecuado o Muy Inadecuado. El cuestionario consta de 30 preguntas divididas en las siguientes dimensiones: participación, implicación y responsabilidad; formación, información y comunicación; gestión del tiempo y cohesión del grupo, encontrándose en todas las dimensiones que los riesgos psicosociales son Inadecuados y Muy Inadecuados. La nota del desempeño de los Agentes Civiles de Tránsito del GADMA se obtuvo mediante una evaluación técnica realizada por la propia institución en el mes de diciembre del 2019, basada en formularios que emite el Ministerio de Trabajo, lo que arrojó un desempeño regular dentro de las actividades que realizan en sus puestos de trabajo. Esta calificación corresponde a una situación laboral con varias falencias e ineficiencias. Según los resultados obtenidos se ha podido constatar que los factores de riesgo psicosocial influyen en el desempeño laboral de los Agentes Civiles de Tránsito del GAD Municipalidad de Ambato. Por lo que se elaboró estrategias de mejora que minimicen los factores de riesgo psicosocial con el propósito de conseguir un óptimo desarrollo en las actividades de cada Agente Civil de Tránsito, aumentando la productividad, satisfacción y compromiso laboral dentro del GAD Municipalidad de Ambato. Se ha tomado en cuenta los factores que influyen dentro del desempeño laboral como la satisfacción laboral, el clima laboral y la productividad que tienen los Agentes Civiles dentro de sus actividades.