Suchergebnisse

Outdoor recreation economics is an area similar to numerous other study areas in the general field of eco nomics. Economists working in this area are concerned with the efficiency of the allocation of resources between outdoor recreation facilities and programs, on the one hand, and goods and services, generally, on the other—and, within the area of outdoor recreation, with the efficiency of the resultant mix of facilities and programs. Concomitantly, they become in volved with the question of "distributive justice," namely, the distribution of recreational opportunities among the vari ous segments of the population. In this paper, we distinguish roughly between resource-oriented outdoor recreation, on the one hand, and population- or market-oriented outdoor recrea tion on the other. In the former, we find a predominantly middle- or upper-middle-income clientele and an economic en vironment which favors application of the analytical, manage ment, and policy tools of "efficiency economics." In the latter, we find concentrations of the impoverished among ghetto residents, and the question of equitable distribution of recrea tional facilities and programs becomes equally as important as the efficiency with which they are provided.

It is indeed absurd to talk about development or impose on a human race a civilization without reference to Philosophy. Philosophy is a living subject which embraces all dialectical interpretations of life changes in society. It gives the hermeneutics understanding of reality by acting as a means to an end, through the interpretations of logical relations, ethical issues of categorical imperatives and methodological principles and concepts in our lives given situations. This paper therefore, intends to outline the issue of Philosophical importance to human development. The idea of development in the light of Philosophical postulations, ethical precision and statistics are required for human and scientific development. Philosophy in this perspective is the form and abstraction or the orientation man uses to interpret his world view. It has helped in the concept of human development, to a great deal of being in the epics of the humanitarian paradigm. Philosophy could be a genuine supporting tool for a harmonious existentialism in Nigeria, through proper restructuring of the polity, educational system, and judicial interpretations on the areas of retributive and distributive justice.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction: The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and a Cosmopolitan Approach to Human Protection -- Structure and Content -- Chapter 2 The Global Ethics of a Cosmopolitan Approach to Human Protection -- The Ethical Form of Cosmopolitan Human Protection -- Ethical Cosmopolitan Human Protection: A Critique -- The Institutional Form of Cosmopolitan Human Protection -- Institutional Cosmopolitan Human Protection: A Critique -- The Cosmopolitan Approach to Human Protection: A Critical Appraisal -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Kant, Habermas and the Constitutionalisation of International Law -- Introduction -- Kant's Theory of International Law -- Habermas and the Constitutionalisation of International Law -- The UN: A Potential Blueprint for the Creation of a Cosmopolitan Legal Order -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 The Responsibility to Protect and Cosmopolitan Human Protection -- The ICISS Report -- The Responsibility to Protect and a Cosmopolitan Approach to Human Protection -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 The Responsibility to Protect and Cosmopolitan Global Justice -- The Responsibility to Protect and Cosmopolitan Distributive Justice -- The Responsibility to Protect and Cosmopolitan Criminal Justice -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 The Responsibility to Protect and Habermas' Theory of Constitutionalisation with a 'Cosmopolitan Purpose' -- The Responsibility to Protect and Habermas' Theory of Constitutionalisation with a 'Cosmopolitan Purpose': A Critical Appraisal -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7 The Responsibility to Protect, Imperialism and Military Intervention in Libya -- R2P: A Tool of the Powerful? -- R2P: A Challenge to the Powerful -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Towards an 'Even More' Cosmopolitan Approach to Human Protection: Proposals on Extending the Cosmopolitan Trend.

"This book argues that ultimately human rights can be actualized, in two senses. By answering important challenges to them, the real-world relevance of human rights can be brought out; and people worldwide can be motivated as needed for realizing human rights. Taking a perspective from moral and political philosophy, the book focuses on two challenges to human rights that have until now received little attention, but that need to be addressed if human rights are to remain plausible as a global ideal. Firstly, the challenge of global inequality: how, if at all, can one be sincerely committed to human rights in a structurally greatly unequal world that produces widespread inequalities of human rights protection? Secondly, the challenge of future people: how to adequately include future people in human rights, and how to set adequate priorities between the present and the future, especially in times of climate change? The book also asks whether people worldwide can be motivated to do what it takes to realize human rights. Furthermore, it considers the common and prominent challenges of relativism and of the political abuse of human rights. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of human rights, political philosophy, and more broadly political theory, philosophy and the wider social sciences"--

While research on CSR has so far been largely developed at the macro level, looking at the impact of these policies on employees (individual level of analysis or micro CSR) is an innovative approach (Rupp et al., 2006). Indeed, the employees are the functional core in the success of the CSR policy. They are more likely to evaluate and react to CSR activities. CSR can be considered from the perspective of organizational justice theories (Rupp, 2011). In particular, through third-party justice research (DeCremer and van Hiel, 2006, Skarlicki and Kulik, 2005), it is possible to examine employees' perceptions of their organization's policy towards external stakeholders. Employees can judge the distributive, procedural and interactional justice of their organization (Colquitt et al., 2001).The purpose of this thesis is precisely to study the consequences of justice perceptions towards external stakeholders on employee attitudes and behaviors, including organizational commitment. It is also important to understand the mechanisms that link employees' perception of justice with their attitudinal and behavioral responses because each employee is unique in his own psychological reactions. We propose to integrate the deontic justice with other psychological mechanisms in mediation or moderation to better explain organizational commitment. ; Alors que jusqu'à présent les recherches sur la RSE se sont principalement situées à un niveau macroéconomique, s'intéresser aux conséquences de ces politiques sur les employés (la micro RSE) représente une approche novatrice (Rupp et al., 2006). En effet, les employés sont le noyau fonctionnel dans la réussite de la politique de RSE. Ils sont susceptibles d'évaluer et de réagir aux activités de RSE. Pour cela, la RSE peut être envisagée sous l'angle des théories de la justice organisationnelle (Rupp, 2011) afin d'explorer la nature de ces évaluations et de ces réactions. Plus particulièrement, grâce aux recherches sur la justice envers des tiers (DeCremer et van Hiel, 2006, Skarlicki et Kulik, 2005), il est possible d'étudier les perceptions des employés de la politique de leur entreprise envers les parties prenantes externes. Les employés peuvent ainsi juger la justice distributive, procédurale et interactionnelle de leur entreprise (Colquitt et al., 2001).L'objet de cette thèse est précisément d'étudier les conséquences des perceptions de justice envers les parties prenantes externes sur les attitudes et comportements des employés, notamment l'engagement organisationnel. Il est également important de comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents qui lient perception de justice des employés et leurs réactions attitudinales et comportementales car chaque employé est unique dans ses propres réactions psychologiques. Nous proposons ainsi d'intégrer la justice déontique avec d'autres mécanismes psychologiques en médiation ou en modération pour mieux expliquer l'engagement organisationnel.

"Relational Egalitarianism" published on by Oxford University Press.

A salient and underresearched aspect of un/fair treatment in organizations can be the source of justice, in terms of a specific justice agent. We propose a model of agent bias to describe how and when characteristics of the agent enacting justice are important to justice reasoning. The agent bias is defined as the effect on overall event justice perceptions of specific agent characteristics, over and above the effect via distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. For justice recipients to focus on agent characteristics rather than on the event being evaluated in terms of fairness is an unexplored bias in justice judgments. Agent warmth, competence, and past justice track record (entity justice) are identified as agent characteristics that influence justice judgments. Agent characteristics can influence overall event justice perceptions positively or negatively, depending on the ambiguity in terms of justice of the event and on its expectedness from a particular justice agent. Finally, we propose that agent bias is stronger when justice recipients use intuitive versus analytic information processing of event information. Our model of agent bias has important theoretical implications for theories of organizational justice and for other literatures, as well as important practical implications for organizations and managers.

A JCAHA journal article on the historical background of Asian trading patterns in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe.) ; Between the rhetoric of the British South Africa Company's motto and the perceptive social comment of Kipling lies the dilemma of the minority trading group and its host community. In Africa the problem has been exacerbated by the fact that the rulers and the ruled have belonged to different races forming in effect separate societies. Until the 1960s the minority trading groups have had, in effect, to deal with two host communities, one of which controlled the legal and regulative process while the other constituted the internal market for goods and services. Nevertheless minority groups belonging neither to the dominant political group nor the subordinate majority group succeeded in dominating the distributive and retail trade in much of sub- Saharan Africa. For example, in 1965 85 per cent of general merchants in Liberia were Lebanese, while in the same year in Uganda 70 per cent were Asians. ^ The Tables in the Appendix to this article indicate that this pattern was not the case in Rhodesia, where even if the Jewish and Hellenic populations are excluded, the larger proportion of trade remained in the hands of the predominantly British settler elite. This difference arose from the historical influences which brought British control to Central Africa and established the differential pattern of white settlement.

The thirty-five handbook chapters confront four major themes in the politics of food: property, technology, justice and knowledge. Ronald Herring's editorial introduction asks how food is political, highlighting contention around the role of market, state and information in societal decisions. The first section of the handbook then examines technology, science and knowledge in food production. What is known - and disputed - about malnutrition, poverty and food security? The second section addresses ethics, rights and distributive justice: agrarian reform, gender inequality, entitlements and subsidies, and the social vision of the alternative food movement. The third section looks to intersections of agriculture and nature: wild foods, livestock, agro-ecological approaches to sustainability, and climate change and genetic engineering. The fourth section addresses food values and culture: political consumerism, labeling and certification, the science and cultural politics of food safety, values driving regulation of genetically modified foods and potential coexistence of GMOs, and organic and conventional crops. The fifth and final section looks at frontiers of global contentions: rival transnational advocacy networks, social movements for organic farming, the who and why of international land grabbing, junctures of cosmopolitan and local food narratives, the "supermarket revolution" and the international agrifood industry in low-income countries, and politics of knowledge in agricultural futures.--INSIDE FLAP

AbstractMethodological nationalism is the assumption that nation-states are the relevant units for analyzing social phenomena. Most of the social sciences recognized it as a source of bias, but not the ethics of immigration. Is this field biased by methodological nationalism—and if so, to what extent? This article takes nationalism as an implicit bias and provides a method to assess its depth. The method consists in comparing principles that ethicists commonly discuss when immigration is not at stake with principles advocated in the ethics of immigration. To interpret the results, a distinction between mild and heavy bias is established. When a basic principle in ethics is underdiscussed or absent from the ethics of immigration, the field is 'mildly biased'. When its negation is commonly advocated, the field is 'heavily biased'. Here, the method is illustrated with two principles: equal opportunity and reparation. They are common in theories of distributive justice and of corrective justice, respectively. But in the ethics of immigration, scholars often argue for the opposite. Instead of equal opportunity, they implicitly support discrimination based on national origin; instead of sanctions or amnesty for the offenders, scholars plead amnesty for those who they otherwise regard as victims. These preliminary results suggest that the field is heavily biased: methodological nationalism seems to turn ethics into its opposite.

This paper is an examination of the fact that persons in the oil rich region of Nigeria take unfair advantage of their default prior appropriation of land due to degenerative policy making systems inherent in our crude oil management. The study argue that as a result of these degenerative policy making principles Nigeria's revenue allocation remains unfair, because it breeds inequalities and injustices by default through these degenerative policy-making principles, and the co relational interplay between territoriality and appropriation of natural resources ought to be philosophically reviewed to ensure equity and justice in wealth distribution in a multinational polity such as Nigeria. Using the reconstructive method, the paper examines John Lock's principle of self-ownership, as been efficient but defective since it allows for an a priori procedural determination of distributive justice. And Rawlsian difference principle, this exposes its negative characterization of risk minimization. Using the same method it examines the policy making system of Nigeria. This showed strong indications towards degenerating the political economy of Nigeria to an exploitative proportion. The study concludes that the Dworkin's equality of resources theory will serve as the propensity of generating a platform of equality of opportunity for all and at the same time ensures a personal sense of responsibility serve as panacea to the Nigerian political economy.

AbstractCorporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a prominent subject due to its major implication for the practitioners in the corporate arena. Based on the theory of engagement, theory of social exchange, and theory of social identity, a conceptual framework was established in this study to evaluate the employee engagement (EE), and organizational commitment (OC) as a resultant of CSR initiatives. The study further examined the impact of distributive justice (DJ), procedural justice (PJ), and job satisfaction (JS) as mediating variables, and the influence of collectivism (COL) as a moderating variable between CSR initiatives and OC and EE. Data from 989 employees of the Pakistani pharmaceutical industry was collected and analyzed using the structural equation modeling and exploratory and confirmatory inferential models. Results demonstrate that CSR initiatives have a significant positive impact on OC and EE. Similarly, the mediation of JS, PJ, and DJ was established between the exogenous and the endogenous variables. Finally, the COL has a significant impact as a moderating variable between CSR initiatives, and OC and EE. The conclusions obtained in this study provide significantly practical and theoretical implications for managers of involved firms to improve employee behavior, mold employee attitude, and enhance organizational performance via CSR strategy, especially for firms located in countries along the route of belt and road initiative.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the specific relationship between temporary agency workers (TAWs) and their employing temporary work agencies in Germany that is characterized – in contrast to other European countries – by agencies' central role in employment and the prevalence of permanent contracts. The study addresses a research gap in understanding the mediating role of perceived organizational support (POS) provided by temporary work agencies in the relationship between employment-specific antecedents and TAWs' subjective well-being (SWB).Design/methodology/approachBased on a sample of 350 TAWs in Germany, the mediating role of POS provided by agencies is analyzed using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe authors show that procedural justice, performance feedback and social network availability positively relate to POS while perceived job insecurity shows the expected negative influence and distributive justice has no impact on POS. POS, in turn, positively relates to SWB. The partially mediating effect of POS between employment-specific antecedents and SWB is also confirmed.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on cross-sectional data and self-reported measures; this may limit causal inferences.Practical implicationsThe results highlight the importance of agencies creating POS and reducing perceived job insecurity for improving TAWs' SWB.Originality/valueThe study contributes to previous POS research by focusing on the agencies' role and by showing the mediating effect of POS on TAWs' SWB in Germany.