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Abstract. The article reveals the essential characteristics of state youth policy, summarizes the main stages of formation and evolution of state policy in support of youth development. The historical aspect of the origin and implementation of the state youth policy at the highest level of government in the form of structures and bodies engaged in its development and coordination is indicated. The concepts of "youth" and "politics" are outlined as components of the concept of "youth policy". The subject and object in the field of youth support at the state level, the main purpose and objectives are highlighted. It is determined that the goal of state youth policy is perceived as the implementation of comprehensive, consistent and mutually agreed measures of public authorities, local governments and non-governmental organizations that actively represent the interests of the younger generation in the formation of state youth policy, as well as implementation and creation of social economic, political, organizational and legislative conditions in promoting education, employment, initiatives, creative and innovative activities of young people. State youth policy is defined as a priority and specific direction of the state, which is carried out in the interests of young people, society, state and taking into account state opportunities, its economic, social, historical, cultural development and world experience of state support for youth. Youth support takes place systematically, in the relationship between the state and the younger generation, youth groups or individuals. Implemented in the activities of all branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial), in order to provide socio-economic, political, organizational, legal conditions and guarantees for the vital self-determination of young people and the realization of all their goals and needs. It is noted that in modern conditions of development, relying on European experience and practice, the state youth policy of Ukraine requires immediate implementation and practical implementation of a set of measures, especially to address all employment issues, provide equal opportunities in the labor market, increase wages, assistance in small business development, etc. Therefore, solving all the problems of youth is a key moment in the implementation of state youth policy, and its proper education is a prospect for the effectiveness of state youth policy. Key words: youth, policy, youth policy, state youth policy, subjects of realization of the state youth policy, objects of the state youth policy, the purpose and tasks of the state youth policy, implementation of the youth policy. ; Аннотация. В статье раскрыто сущностные характеристики государственной молодежной политики, обобщены основные этапы формирования и эволюции государственной политики при поддержке развития молодежи. Указано исторический аспект происхождения и внедрение государственной молодежной политики на высшем властном уровне в виде структур и органов, занимающихся ее разработкой и координацией. Указанные понятия «молодежь» и «политика», как составляющие понятия «молодежной политики». Освещены субъект и объект в сфере поддержки молодежи на государственном уровне, основную цель и задачи. Определено, что цель государственной молодежной политики воспринимается как реализация всесторонних, последовательных и взаимно согласованных мероприятий органов государственной власти, органов местного самоуправления и неправительственных организаций, которые активно представляют интересы молодого поколения, в процессе формирования государственной молодежной политики, а также реализация и создание социально экономических, политических, организационных и законодательных условий в содействии развитию образования, занятости, инициативам, творческой и инновационной деятельности молодежи.Государственную молодежную политику принято определять приоритетным и специфическим направлением деятельности государства, которая осуществляется в интересах молодого человека, общества, государства с учетом государственных возможностей ее экономического, социального, исторического, культурного развития и мирового опыта государственной поддержки молодежи. Поддержка молодежи происходит системно, в соотношении между государством и молодым поколением, молодежными группировками или одной личностью. Реализуется в деятельности всех ветвей власти (законодательной, исполнительной, судебной), с целью предоставления социально-экономических, политических, организационных, правовых условий и гарантий для жизненного самоопределения молодежи и реализации всех своих целей и потребностей. Отмечено, что в современных условиях развития, полагаясь на Европейский опыт и практики, государственная молодежная политика Украины требует безотлагательного внедрения и практической реализации комплекса мероприятий, в особенности по решению всех проблемных вопросов по занятости, предоставления равных возможностей на рынке труда, повышение уровня оплаты труда, содействие в развитии малого бизнеса и тому подобное. Поэтому, решение всех проблем молодежи - ключевой момент в реализации государственной молодежной политики, а должное его воспитание - перспектива результативности государственной молодежной политики.Ключевые слова: молодежь, политика, молодежная политика, государственная молодежная политика, субъекты реализации государственной молодежной политики, объекты государственной молодежной политики, цели и задачи государственной молодежной политики, внедрение молодежной политики. ; Анотація. У статті розкрито сутнісні характеристики державної молодіжної політики, узагальнено основні етапи формування та еволюції державної політики за підтримки розвитку молоді. Зазначено історичний аспект походження й впровадження державної молодіжної політики на вищому владному рівні у вигляді структур й органів, які займаються її розробкою та координацією. Окреслені поняття «молодь» і «політика», як складові поняття «молодіжної політики». Висвітлено суб'єкт і об'єкт у сфері підтримки молоді на державному рівні, основну мету і завдання. Визначено, щомета державної молодіжної політики сприймається як реалізація всебічних, послідовних та взаємно-узгоджених заходів органів державної влади, органів місцевого самоврядування та неурядових організацій, які активно представляють інтереси молодого покоління, в процесі формування державної молодіжної політики, а також реалізація та створення соціально-економічних, політичних, організаційних та законодавчих умов у сприянні розвитку освіти, зайнятості, ініціативам, творчій та інноваційній діяльності молоді. Державну молодіжну політику прийнято визначати пріоритетним і специфічним напрямом діяльності держави, який здійснюється в інтересах молодої людини, суспільства, держави та з урахуванням державних можливостей, її економічного, соціального, історичного, культурного розвитку і світового досвіду державної підтримки молоді. Підтримка молоді відбувається системно, у співвідносинах між державою та молодим поколінням, молодіжними угрупуваннями чи однією особистістю. Реалізується в діяльності усіх гілок влади (законодавчої, виконавчої, судової), з метою надання соціально-економічних, політичних, організаційних, правових умов та гарантій для життєвого самовизначення молоді й реалізації усіх їхніх цілей і потреб. Зазначено, що в сучасних умовах розвитку, покладаючись на Європейський досвід і практики, державна молодіжна політика України вимагає невідкладного впровадження і практичної реалізації комплексу заходів, в особливості стосовно всіх проблемних питань із зайнятості, надання рівних можливостей на ринку праці, підвищення рівня оплати праці, сприяння у розвитку малого бізнесу тощо. Тож, розв'язання усіх проблем молоді - ключовий момент в реалізації державної молодіжної політики, а належне її виховання - перспектива результативності державної молодіжної політики. Ключові слова: молодь, політика, молодіжна політика, державна молодіжна політика, суб'єкти реалізації державної молодіжної політики, об'єкти державної молодіжної політики, мета та завдання державної молодіжної політики, впровадження молодіжної політики.

Problem setting. One of the most important tasks of modern science of public management and administration is the further improvement of management technologies, management decisions in banking in particular and the increase of their efficiency and effectiveness. Accordingly, the scientific interest is not only in the study and the analysis of banking legislation of certain countries, but in the adaptation of national legislation to the directives of the European Union. The urgency of improving the mechanism of state regulation of the market for the provision of services for the collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables in the banking system of Ukraine is undeniable, the implementation of which should include the mandatory establishment of real requirements and measures of responsibility of managers of both individual financial institutions and regulatory bodies. Recent research and publications analysis. The organization of central banks of the world, their legal status, main functions, comparative aspects, regulatory activities in the field of the organization of cash circulation and cash collection were studied in the works of L. Voronova, D. Hetmantsev, V. Krotyuk, S. Yehorychev, M. Starynsky, P. Melnyk, S. Laptev, I. Zaverukha. Legal problems of legalization of firearms circulation in Ukraine were studied by А.Kolosok, P. Mitrukhov, P. Fries, S. Shumilenko and others. The works of V.Baranyak, V. Меzhyvy, М. Pinchuk, T. Pryhodko, V.Rybachuk, В.Tychyi, etc. are devoted to the study of legal problems of illegal handling of weapons. However, these works do not reflect the peculiarities of the use of firearms in subdivisions of collection of funds. Native and foreign scholars generally have not paid due attention to the study and the analysis of the existing model of cash circulation in Ukraine, its advantages, risks and disadvantages as well as the effective functioning of the market of collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables in the banking system of Ukraine. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The purpose of this article is to analyze the innovative foreign experience of state regulation of the market of collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables in the banking system of Ukraine (hereinafter – collection of funds) and to justify the need for its implementation in Ukraine. Another important problem in collection activities is the lack of legislative regulation of firearms trafficking as there is no law on weapons in Ukraine, there are only regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, which greatly complicates its regulation by the state according to P. Fries. Paper main body. The market of collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables (hereinafter – the market of collection) is one of the most closed segments of the banking system of any country as a whole. The most popular way to pay for services and goods during the last few years, according to annual surveys conducted by the Swiss central bank, is cash. The important factor is that even with the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the demand for cash and cash flow has increased significantly. The National Bank of Ukraine carries out regulatory activities in accordance with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Field of Economic Activity". Collection of funds has never been a particularly profitable activity, for the subdivisions of collection of any country along with the staff and transportation costs, that is why to ensure the proper security of cash transportation is a very costly item of the estimate. In this regard, there is an urgent need for the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables" and "On firearms", which would define the basic foundations, principles, forms of activities in the field of collection services, rights, duties and responsibilities of all participants in the collection market, in order to increase their reliability, safety and efficiency. In the countries of the European Union (EU), services for the collection and transportation of currency valuables are provided by public and private enterprises. In many EU countries there is no legal definition of the concept 'collection'. In most cases, collection falls under the general legislation on the basics of security, except for Austria and Germany, which regulate such activities through professional organizations, insurance and collective agreements. Today, five foreign global CIT companies account for almost 60% of the global CIT market for cash collection and cash handling services. They are: –Brinks (USA) – 23%; –G4S (England) – 15%; –Loomis (Sweden) – 12%; –Prosegur (Spain) – 7%; –Garda (Canada) – 4%; –GSLS – 0.01%; –Other regional independent companies – 39%. In six EU countries (Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Sweden, Great Britain and the Netherlands) the presence of firearms during collection of funds is prohibited. In Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and Spain, the presence of a weapon in the performance of professional collection duties is mandatory. Safe collection of funds largely depends on the fast, without delays, safe travel by road. Ukraine needs to reform its transport system to gain access to the European Union's rail, road, river and air transport markets and to financial resources for building safe infrastructure of high quality. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Unfortunately, there are no well-known world CIT collection companies in the Ukrainian market of collection services and therefore Ukrainian banks and legal entities have to deal with local CIT companies, the authorized capital of which in some cases may be significantly less than the amount of the collected cash. In accordance with the mentioned above, for the effective functioning of the Ukrainian market of collection of funds and a balanced regulatory policy of the state, we suggest making appropriate changes and additions to the Laws of Ukraine on "Banks and Banking", "National Bank of Ukraine". To initiate the development and adoption of the Laws of Ukraine "On Collection and Transportation of Currency Valuables" and "On Firearms" which will ensure equal competitive conditions in the collection market for all its participants, reliable labor protection, social guarantees and rights of employees of collection divisions. ; Розглянуто основні аспекти здійснення операцій з інкасації коштів та перевезення валютних цінностей в Україні та закордоном, а також проведено їх порівняльний аналіз. Виокремлено проблеми, які заважають інкасаційним компаніям ефективно працювати у сфері надання послуг із інкасації коштів та перевезень валютних цінностей. Обґрунтовано необхідність удосконалення механізмів державного регулювання ринку з надання послуг із інкасації коштів та перевезень валютних цінностей в Україні, зокрема з урахуванням інноваційного закордонного досвіду.

Background. 2020 in the history of mankind will remain a year of experience for the population of more than 180 countries of the world, their governments, economies and health systems in connection with the acute respiratory disease COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. At the end of May, 6,159,953 people were infected with COVID-19 coronavirus infection in the world, 371,006 died, 2,738,179 recovered. The development of a vaccine against three known types of coronavirus can take from one to one and a half years and will require an additional $ 2 billion, according to the World Bank. The purpose of the research: to determine the risks of medical activity for primary care facilities in the context of the epidemic of acute respiratory disease COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and approaches to their management. Materials and methods. Scientific sources (1 unit), international documents (7 units), legislative and regulatory acts (10 units). Systems approach, system and content analysis, conceptual modeling were used in our work. Results. It was established that in the primary medical care institutions of Ukraine during the period of the acute respiratory illness COVID-19 epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, managerial - organizational, regulatory, financial, economic, operational and technological, personnel risks were implemented due to the introduction of quarantine at the state level, approval of regulatory documents on the organization and provision of medical care for patients with COVID-19, which were amended several times over a short period of time, the second stage of medical reform since 04.01.2020 in secondary healthcare institutions. Several directions of improving approaches to risk management in the existing risk management system of primary care institutions are proposed: strengthening the management of the institution by introducing an additional specialized functional structure under the head of the institution's headquarters in an epidemic; development and implementation of an effective strategy for epidemiological monitoring, prevention and infection control; updating the content of risk information in order to exchange between all interested parties; review of personnel policy and staffing of the institution. Conclusions. There is a need to revitalize the risk management system in primary health care facilities in connection with a significant complication of the epidemic situation, which can last a long period of time. It is necessary to reconsider approaches to risk management in the areas of improving the management of the institution, personnel, epidemic security, and information support. ; Актуальность. 2020 год в истории человечества останется годом испытаний для населения более чем 180 стран мира, их правительств, экономик и систем здравоохранения в связи с пандемией острой респираторной болезни COVID-19, вызванной коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2. На конец мая в мире заболели коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19 6 159 953 человек, 371 006 умерли, 2 738 179 выздоровели. Разработка вакцины против трех известных типов коронавируса может занять от одного до полутора лет и потребует дополнительно $2 млрд, считают во Всемирном банке. Цель исследования. Определить риски медицинской деятельности для учреждений первичной медицинской помощи в условиях эпидемии острой респираторной болезни COVID-19, вызванной коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2, и подходы к управлению ими. Материалы и методы. В качестве материалов исследования использованы научные источники (1 ед.), международные документы (7 ед.), законодательные и нормативно-правовые акты (10 ед.). Использованы методы системного подхода, системного и контент-анализа, концептуального моделирования. Результаты. Установлено, что в учреждениях первичной медицинской помощи Украины в период эпидемии острой респираторной болезни COVID-19, вызванной коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2, реализовались управленческо-организационные, нормативно-правовые, финансово-хозяйственные, операционно-технологические, кадровые риски за счет введения карантина на государственном уровне, утверждения нормативно-правовых документов по организации и оказанию медицинской помощи пациентам с COVID-19, в которые несколько раз вносились изменения за короткий период времени, начала второго этапа медицинской реформы с 01.04.2020 в учреждениях здравоохранения вторичной медицинской помощи. Предложено несколько направлений совершенствования подходов к управлению рисками в существующей системе риск-менеджмента учреждений первичной медицинской помощи: усиление руководства учреждением путем внедрения дополнительной специализированной функциональной структуры при руководителе – штаба управления учреждением в условиях эпидемии; разработка и реализация эффективной стратегии эпидемического мониторинга, профилактики и инфекционного контроля; обновления контента информации о рисках в целях обмена между всеми заинтересованными сторонами; пересмотр кадровой политики и кадрового обеспечения учреждения. Выводы. Существует необходимость оживления системы риск-менеджмента в учреждениях первичной медицинской помощи в связи со значительным усложнением эпидемической ситуации, которое может продолжаться длительный период времени. Необходимо пересмотреть подходы к управлению рисками в направлениях совершенствования управления учреждением, персоналом, эпидемической безопасностью, информационным обеспечением. ; Актуальність. 2020 рік в історії людства залишиться роком випробувань для населення більш ніж 180 країн світу, їх урядів, економік і систем охорони здоров'я у зв'язку з пандемією гострої респіраторної хвороби COVID-19, спричиненої коронавірусом SARS-CoV-2. На кінець травня в світі захворіли коронавирусной інфекцією COVID-19 6 159 953 чоловік, 371 006 померли, 2 738 179 одужали. Розробка вакцини проти трьох відомих типів коронавируса може зайняти від одного до півтора років і зажадає додатково $ 2 млрд, вважають у Світовому банку. Мета дослідження. Визначити ризики медичної діяльності для закладів первинної медичної допомоги в умовах епідемії гострої респіраторної хвороби COVID-19, спричиненої коронавірусом SARS-CoV-2, та підходи до управління ними. Матеріали та методи. Матеріалами дослідження слугували наукові джерела за темою (1 од.), міжнародні документи (7 од.), законодавчі та нормативно-правові акти (10 од.). Використані методи системного підходу, системного і контент-аналізу, концептуального моделювання. Результати. Встановлено, що в закладах первинної медичної допомоги України у період епідемії гострої респіраторної хвороби COVID-19, спричиненої коронавірусом SARS-CoV-2, реалізувались управлінсько-організаційні, нормативно-правові, фінансово-господарські, операційно-технологічні, кадрові ризики за рахунок введення карантинних обмежень на державному рівні, затвердження нормативно-правових документів з організації та надання медичної допомоги пацієнтам з COVID-19, до яких декілька разів вносились зміни за короткий період часу, початку другого етапу медичної реформи з 01.04.2020 в закладах охорони здоров'я вторинної медичної допомоги. Запропоновано декілька напрямів удосконалення підходів до управління ризиками в існуючій системі ризик-менеджменту закладів первинної медичної допомоги: посилення управління закладом шляхом впровадження додаткової спеціалізованої функціональної структури при керівникові – штабу управління закладом в умовах епідемії; розробка і реалізація дієвої стратегії епідемічного моніторингу, профілактики та інфекційного контролю; оновлення контенту інформації про ризики з метою обміну між усіма зацікавленими сторонами; перегляд кадрової політики та кадрового забезпечення закладу первинної медичної допомоги. Висновки. Існує необхідність пожвавлення системи ризик-менеджменту в закладах первинної медичної допомоги у зв'язку зі значним ускладненням епідемічної ситуації, яке може утримуватись тривалий період часу. Необхідно переглянути підходи до управління ризиками в напрямах удосконалення управління закладом, персоналом, епідемічною безпекою, інформаційним забезпеченням.

Dropout, school dropout or student mortality is one of the biggest problems faced by the different levels of the Higher Education System, it has high economic costs for the University and the country. The approaches of some authors consider that desertion is multi-causal: psychological, institutional and social. The age, sex of the students, the type of school where they completed their previous schooling, the level of education of their parents, the area or orientation of the secondary level of Education and the chosen career are other elements that affect dropout or school dropout. Tinto's approach refers that the existence of universities is education, not schooling; While it is true, this is an individual responsibility. With this approach, the memories of the difficult moments that we Nicaraguans went through during the Somoza period and liberal governments and traitors with the failed coup d'état are relived, who believed in the same way as Tinto that universities were a luxury that only the wealthy paid for. Several authors affirm that the problem of students who drop out of studies before finishing them is undoubtedly one of those that most concerns governments, authorities and specialists in higher education. Therefore, in opposition to Tinto's approach, this new Christian, Socialist and Solidarity government recognizes that the only way out of poverty is education, restoring that right; which is why in recent years university careers have been expanded in inhospitable parts of the country. Therefore, the main objective of this documentary article is to present the main causes of student desertion in the Psychology career of the Chontales UNAN-Managua Regional Multidisciplinary Faculty (2014-2018). In this sense, due to its great importance, this article is part of a larger investigation that will be carried out in the future, whose study objectives are classified as: psychological, social and institutional, where various methods and techniques will be used, considering as a mixed method. According to Hernández, Fernández and Batista (2014); Ibarra (2020) the mixed method constitutes the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods in order to obtain a better understanding of the research phenomena. In this sense, the methods to be used include in-depth interviews, focus groups and surveys for information processing. In the same way, the IBM SPSS program will be used, and, finally, the information will be triangulated between the three applied instruments. The previous results of the study, is the analysis with the general data of the student and statistical information, such as: sex, age, and other reports, the probability of dropping out is 23% for the first semester and not being able to enroll in the second semester, 10% who retire in the second and 2.5% finish their career. To conclude this study, it can be stated that desertion is multicausal and institutional, making the wrong career, when choosing. Likewise, it will allow the institution an analysis of the variables that intervene in the dropout phenomenon and at the same time, create strategies to combat the influence of school dropout. ; El papel de la educación superior está llamado a jugar La deserción, abandono escolar o mortalidad estudiantil, es uno de los mayores problemas que enfrentan los diferentes estamentos del Sistema de Educación Superior, incide en altos costes económicos que afectan a la Universidad y al país. Los planteamientos de algunos autores, consideran que la deserción es multicausal: psicológicas, institucional y sociales. La edad, el sexo de las y los estudiantes, el tipo de colegio donde realizaron la escolaridad previa, el nivel de instrucción de sus padres, el área u orientación del nivel medio de Educación y la carrera escogida son otros elementos que inciden en la deserción o abandono escolar. El planteamiento de Tinto refiere que la existencia de las universidades es la educación, no la escolarización; si bien es cierto, esta es una responsabilidad individual. Con este planteamiento se reviven los recuerdos de los momentos difíciles que pasamos las y los nicaragüenses en la etapa somocista y gobiernos liberales y traidores con el fallido golpe de Estado, que opinaban igual que Tinto que las universidades eran un lujo que solo la pagaba el pudiente. Diversos autores afirman que el problema de las y los alumnos que abandonan los estudios antes de dar término a los mismos, es sin duda, uno de los que más preocupan a gobiernos, autoridades y especialistas de la enseñanza superior. Por ello, en oposición al planteamiento de Tinto, este nuevo gobierno Cristiano, Socialista y Solidario, reconoce que la única forma de salir de la pobreza es la educación, restituyendo ese derecho; razón por la que en los últimos años se ampliaron las carreras universitarias en lugares inhóspitos del país. Por ende, el presente artículo de carácter documental, tiene como objetivo primordial dar a conocer las principales causas de la deserción estudiantil en la carrera de Psicología de la Facultad Regional. Multidisciplinaria de Chontales UNAN-Managua (2014- 2018). En este sentido, por su gran importancia este artículo forma parte de una investigación de mayor envergadura que se llevará a cabo en el futuro, cuyos objetivos de estudio se clasifican en: psicológicos, sociales e institucionales, donde se utilizarán diversos métodos y técnicas, considerándose como un método mixto. Según Hernández, Fernández y Batista (2014); Ibarra (2020) el método mixto constituye la integración de los métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos con el fin de obtener una mejor comprensión de los fenómenos de la investigación. En este sentido, entre los métodos a utilizar se pueden mencionar las entrevistas en profundidad, grupos focales y encuestas para el procesamiento de la información. De igual forma, se hará uso del programa IBM SPSS, y, por último, se triangulará la información entre los tres instrumentos aplicados. Los resultados previos del estudio, es el análisis con los datos generales del alumno e información estadística, como es: sexo, edad, y otros informes, las probabilidades de deserción es un 23% para el primer semestre y no lograr matricularse en el segundo semestre, un 10% que se retire en el segundo y un 2.5% finalice su carrera. Para concluir este estudio, se puede afirmar que la deserción es multicausal e institucionales, equivocarse de carrera, al escoger. Así mismo, permitirá a la institución un análisis de las variables que intervienen en el fenómeno de la deserción y al mismo tiempo, crear estrategias para combatir la influencia de deserción escolar.

The first problem is that of the optimal volume allocation in procurement. The choice of this problem was motivated by a study whose objective was to support decision-making at two procurement organizations for the procurement of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA), an injectable contraceptive. At the time of this study, only one supplier that had undergone the costly and lengthy process of WHO pre-qualification was available to these organizations. However, a new entrant supplier was expected to receive WHO qualification within the next year, thus becoming a viable second source for DMPA procurement. When deciding how to allocate the procurement volume between the two suppliers, the buyers had to consider the impact on price as well as risk. Higher allocations to one supplier yield lower prices but expose a buyer to higher supply risks, while an even allocation will result in lower supply risk but also reduce competitive pressure, resulting in higher prices. Our research investigates this single- versus dual-sourcing problem and quantifies in one model the impact of the procurement volume on competition and risk. To support decision-makers, we develop a mathematical framework that accounts for the characteristics of donor-funded global health markets and models the effects of an entrant on purchasing costs and supply risks. Our in-depth analysis provides insights into how the optimal allocation decision is affected by various parameters and explores the trade-off between competition and supply risk. For example, we find that, even if the entrant supplier introduces longer leads times and a higher default risk, the buyer still benefits from dual sourcing. However, these risk-diversification benefits depend heavily on the entrant's in-country registration: If the buyer can ship the entrant's product to only a selected number of countries, the buyer does not benefit from dual sourcing as much as it would if entrant's product could be shipped to all supplied countries. We show that the buyer should be interested in qualifying the entrant's product in countries with high demand first. In the second problem we explore a new tendering mechanism called the postponement tender, which can be useful when buyers in the global health industry want to contract new generics suppliers with uncertain product quality. The mechanism allows a buyer to postpone part of the procurement volume's allocation so the buyer can learn about the unknown quality before allocating the remaining volume to the best supplier in terms of both price and quality. We develop a mathematical model to capture the decision-maker's trade-offs in setting the right split between the initial volume and the postponed volume. Our analysis shows that a buyer can benefit from this mechanism more than it can from a single-sourcing format, as it can decrease the risk of receiving poor quality (in terms of product quality and logistics performance) and even increase competitive pressure between the suppliers, thereby lowering the purchasing costs. By considering market parameters like the buyer's size, the suppliers' value (difference between quality and cost), quality uncertainty, and minimum order volumes, we derive optimal sourcing strategies for various market structures and explore how competition is affected by the buyer's learning about the suppliers' quality through the initial volume. The third problem considers the repeated procurement problem of pharmacies in Kenya that have multi-product inventories. Coordinating orders allows pharmacies to achieve lower procurement prices by using the quantity discounts manufacturers offer and sharing fixed ordering costs, such as logistics costs. However, coordinating and optimizing orders for multiple products is complex and costly. To solve the coordinated procurement problem, also known as the Joint Replenishment Problem (JRP) with quantity discounts, a novel, data-driven inventory policy using sample-average approximation is proposed. The inventory policy is developed based on renewal theory and is evaluated using real-world sales data from Kenyan pharmacies. Multiple benchmarks are used to evaluate the performance of the approach. First, it is compared to the theoretically optimal policy --- that is, a dynamic-programming policy --- in the single-product setting without quantity discounts to show that the proposed policy results in comparable inventory costs. Second, the policy is evaluated for the original multi-product setting with quantity discounts and compared to ex-post optimal costs. The evaluation shows that the policy's performance in the multi-product setting is similar to its performance in the single-product setting (with respect to ex-post optimal costs), suggesting that the proposed policy offers a promising, data-driven solution to these types of multi-product inventory problems. ; Der erste Teil, welcher eine gemeinsame Arbeit mit Dr. Alexander Rothkopf und Prof. Dr. Richard Pibernik entstanden ist, ist durch eine Studie motiviert, die Entscheidungsträgern zweier Einkaufsorganisationen beim Einkauf von Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA), einem länger wirkenden Verhütungsmittel, unterstützen sollte. Zum Zeitpunkt der Studie stand den Organisationen nur ein qualifizierter Lieferant zur Verfügung. Ein zweiter Zulieferer stand kurz vor der Zulassung. Ziel der Arbeit war es den Mehrwert des neuen Lieferanten zu quantifizieren und die optimale Aufteilung der Bestellmengen zwischen beiden Lieferanten zu ermitteln. Hierbei spielt die Abwägung von Preisen (getrieben durch den Wettbewerb zwischen beiden Lieferanten) und Risiko (getrieben durch unsichere Lieferzeiten und Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeiten) eine entscheidende Rolle. In unserer Arbeit zeigen wir wie sich die optimale Aufteilung anhand diverser Parameter, wie Lieferzuverlässigkeit, Kosten und Kapazität, verändert, und untersuchen die Abwägungsentscheidung zwischen Wettbewerb und Risiken. Im zweiten Teil, der ebenfalls eine gemeinsame Arbeit mit Dr. Alexander Rothkopf und Prof. Dr. Richard Pibernik ist, untersuchen wir einen innovativen Einkaufsmechanismus den wir "Postponement Tender" nennen. Das zugrundeliegende Problem ist das eines Einkäufers, welcher mit der unsicheren Qualität eines neuen Lieferanten konfrontiert ist, und der daraus resultierenden Allokationsentscheidung zwischen bestehendem und neuen Lieferanten. Anstatt alles auf einmal zu vergeben, kann der Einkäufer auch zuerst einen Teil des Volumens an beide Lieferanten vergeben, um die unsichere Qualität des neuen Lieferanten besser einzuschätzen. Nachdem die Lieferanten die ersten Volumina geliefert haben kann der Einkäufer die Qualität der Lieferanten besser beurteilen und kauft dann die nachgelagerte Menge vom besseren Lieferanten. Da die Lieferanten bereits zu Beginn Preise festlegen müssen, kann der Einkäufer durch diesen Mechanismus sowohl durch verbesserten Wettbewerb profitieren als auch von einem niedrigeren Qualitätsrisiko, da er dabei etwas über die Qualität der Lieferanten lernt. Wir zeigen in einer detaillierten Analyse wie, abhängig von Einkaufs- und Wettbewerbssituation, die Aufteilung zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Teil erfolgen sollte und unter welchen Bedingungen der "Postponement Tender" besser als eine klassische Einzelquellenbeschaffung ist. Der dritte Teil ist durch den Business Case kenianischer Apotheken motiviert: diese können durch die Koordination von Bestellungen niedrigere Einkaufspreise aufgrund von Mengenrabatten bei Lieferanten erzielen sowie fixe Bestellkosten wie Logistikkosten teilen. Aufgrund einer Vielzahl von Produkten ist diese Koordination allerdings sehr komplex und mit einem hohen Aufwand sowie Kosten verbunden. Um diese Hürde zu überwinden entwickle ich eine neue, datengetriebene Bestellpolitik für mehrperiodische Bestandsmanagementprobleme mit mehreren Produkten und Skaleneffekten in fixen sowie variablen Bestellkosten. Die entwickelte Politik beruht auf den Prinzipien von Erneuerungstheorie und Sample Average Approximation. Des Weiteren analysiere ich die Performance dieser Politik anhand realer Daten aus dem zugrundeliegenden Business Case. In einer ersten Auswertung zeigt sich, dass die resultierenden Kosten nah an denen der theoretisch optimalen Bestellpolitik liegen. Weiter wird gezeigt, dass sich das Verhältnis zu ex-post optimalen Kosten in Szenarien, in denen es keine theoretisch optimale Bestellpolitik gibt (mehrere Produkte und Mengenrabatte) im selben Rahmen befindet wie in Szenarien mit optimaler Bestellpolitik. Insgesamt zeigt der entwickelte Ansatz viel Potential für die Lösung komplexer Bestandsplanungsprobleme.

ResumenHistoria política de las flores" del Equipo Jeleton es una serie de intervenciones en repertorios gráficos, textuales y musicales con las que se renegocia y repolitiza el simbolismo floral. Algunos motivos en las exposiciones-capítulo han sido la visualidad y pasividad, la magia y el poder de curar, la extravagancia y sensualidad cuir, escuchar, hablar, leer en lo articulado e inarticulado, en lo insinuado en lo escondido.El tarot floral o florilegio de Jeleton es un juego de cartas. Las cartas convocan principios de las flores, de las cuerpas y de las figuras. Los principios son poderes, no poder del que te tiene, sino poder del que tú tienes. El poder de ver lo que no aparece. El poder de leer lo que no está escrito. El poder de oir lo no dicho. El poder de tocar lo que es negado, está presente. A flor de piel."Historia Política de las Flores" propone un estudio iconológico desde la sociología de la imagen, sobre los diversos imaginarios de flora. Propone una mitopoiesis deconstruida, hecha autohistoria y biomitografía. Una labor de investigación en repertorios colectivos simbólicos sobre la representación de la flor, que va del relato, a la poesía, la canción, la decoración. Y un análisis de sus diversas facetas públicas y políticas, de resistencia y contravisulidades, traducidas en diversos lenguajes y lecturas. Sobre todo un devenir flor."Historia Política de las Flores" comenzó en 2003 con la edición del libro "Las lilas de Jeleton", publicado por Belleza Infinita, Bilbao, continuó con la edición de tres singles vinilos, una selección de poemas musicados del libro y en estos últimos años Jeleton ha realizado una serie de exposiciones de dibujo del proyecto que comprende: "Historia política de las flores, o cuando las lilas se volvieron violetas" (2014), "Historia política de las flores 2: Floripondio" (2015), ambas en La Taller, Bilbao, "Historia política de las flores 3: Azucenas atigradas" en Halfhouse, Barcelona, "Historia política de las flores 4: No morirá la flor" en la X Bienal Centroamericana, San José de Costa Rica (2016), "Història política de les flors 5: Desflorar" en la galería Ana Mas Projects, Barcelona (2017), "Historia política de las flores 6: Florilegio" (2017) en Tabakalera, San Sebastián, "Historia política de las flores: Floritura" (2017), en La Taller, Bilbao, "El problema con las Flores" (2019) en el Centro Párraga, Murcia y "LOREBURU, LOREBEGI: Historia política de las Flores" (2021) en La Taller, Bilbao.Para este ensayo visual se ha recurrido a las cartas del tarot Florilegio de Jeleton, en específico a la carta"IV: mano" y carta"II: La hija mística", como manera de integrar una narración esotérica simbólica sobre el hacer: manos a la obra, y el ver: mano-ojo-mano. Para continuar con la representación de la práctica artística acuerpada e inscrita en nuestros cuerpos. Para ello he seleccionado la coreografía hecha capa extendida en dos páginas, una colaboración con Degénero ediciones (2020), Barcelona, y el dibujo-símbolo del huevo de obsidiana dentro de mí, parte del fanzine "Mal Oficio" (2017), realizado en el Centro de Arte Contemporáneo Huarte.Jeleton es un equipo de trabajo formado en 1999 por Jesus Arpal Moya o Jesús Jeleton y María de los Ángeles Alcántara o Gelen Jeleton.AbstractPolitical history of flowers" by Equipo Jeleton is a series of interventions in graphic, textual and musical repertoires that renegotiate and re-politicize floral symbolism. Some motifs in the chapter-exhibitions have been visuality and passivity, magic and the power to heal, extravagance and sensuality cuir, listening, speaking, reading in the articulate and inarticulate, in the insinuated in the hidden.The floral tarot or florilegium of Jeleton is a deck of cards. The cards summon principles from flowers, bodies and figures. The principles are powers, not the power of the one who has you, but the power of the one you have. The power to see what does not appear. The power to read what is not written. The power to hear what is unsaid. The power to touch what is denied, is present. At the surface of the skin."Political History of Flowers" proposes an iconological study from the sociology of the image, on the diverse imaginaries of flora. It proposes a deconstructed mythopoiesis, made autohistory and biomythography. A research work on symbolic collective repertoires on the representation of the flower, ranging from the story, to poetry, song, decoration. And an analysis of its diverse public and political facets, of resistance and counter-visulities, translated into diverse languages and readings. Above all, a flower becoming."Historia Política de las Flores" began in 2003 with the edition of the book "Las lilas de Jeleton", published by Belleza Infinita, Bilbao, continued with the edition of three vinyl singles, a selection of poems set to music from the book and in recent years Jeleton has held a series of drawing exhibitions of the project comprising: "Historia política de las flores, o cuando las lilas se volvieron violetas" (2014), "Historia política de las flores 2: Floripondio" (2015), both in La Taller, Bilbao, "Historia política de las flores 3: Azucenas atigradas" at Halfhouse, Barcelona, "Historia política de las flores 4: No morirá la flor" at the X Bienal Centroamericana, San José de Costa Rica (2016), "Història política de les flors 5: Desflorar" at Ana Mas Projects gallery, Barcelona (2017), "Historia política de las flores 6: Florilegio" (2017) at Tabakalera, San Sebastian, "Historia política de las flores: Floritura" (2017), at La Taller, Bilbao, "El problema con las Flores" (2019) at Centro Párraga, Murcia and "LOREBURU, LOREBEGI: Historia política de las Flores" (2021) at La Taller, Bilbao.For this visual essay we have resorted to the cards of the Jeleton Florilegium tarot, specifically the card "IV: hand" and card "II: The mystical daughter", as a way of integrating a symbolic esoteric narrative about doing: hands to work, and seeing: hand-eye-hand. In order to continue with the representation of the artistic practice agreed and inscribed in our bodies. For this I have selected the choreography made layer extended on two pages, a collaboration with Degénero ediciones (2020), Barcelona, and the drawing-symbol of the obsidian egg inside me, part of the fanzine "Mal Oficio" (2017), made at the Huarte Contemporary Art Center.Jeleton is a working team formed in 1999 by Jesus Arpal Moya or Jesús Jeleton and María de los Ángeles Alcántara or Gelen Jeleton.

This dissertation analyzes the decarbonization of the global energy system with the multi-sectoral energy system model GENeSYS-MOD (Global Energy System Model). The thesis consists of an introductory chapter that introduces the motivation and research questions, as well as the concept of sector coupling and a review of currently available energy system models. This chapter is followed by two parts, analyzing overarching research questions regarding multi-sector energy system models and decarbonization pathways. Part I introduces GENeSYS-MOD, its ethos, core concepts, and key assumptions and applies the model to a global case study investigating an energy system based on 100% renewables. Results suggest that a reconfiguration of the energy system towards renewable energy sources is possible and required in order to comply with international climate targets. This part further elaborates on the lessons learned from modeling 100% renewable scenarios using GENeSYS-MOD. The primary assumptions and their impact on the feasibility of 100% renewable scenarios are discussed for several configurations of GENeSYS-MOD. Part II focuses on regional applications with GENeSYS-MOD in conjunction with specific research questions for the analyzed regions. In these regional case studies, the model is not only applied but constantly enhanced and expanded. First, the stranded assets problem in Europe is analyzed with a myopic foresight version of GENeSYS-MOD. The results focus on the amount of stranded capital and the overall negative impact of short-sighted politics in the context of climate change. Second, the effects of climate policies and carbon budgets on the transformation of the Chinese energy system are assessed. Results show that for complying with a 2 °C target, coal consumption needs to be drastically reduced, especially in the power sector. For even more ambitious climate targets (1.5 °C), substantial increases in overall power demand and supply are being observed due to the increased deployment of sector coupling technologies. Third, this part also introduces a stochastic version of GENeSYS-MOD applied to the Japanese energy system, discussing the necessity of hydrogen imports for reaching ambitious decarbonization targets. Hereby, the importance and system-wide benefits of importing hydrogen are highlighted, although the overall system costs only increase slightly without the possibility of hydrogen imports. This dissertation emphasizes the value of a sector coupled perspective for long-term energy system planning and provides numerous research insights about global and regional decarbonization pathways. With this thesis, I add to the scientific debate and academic literature about the value and importance of multi-sectoral perspectives for energy systems modeling and decarbonization pathways. ; Diese Dissertation analysiert die Dekarbonisierung des globalen Energiesystems mithilfe des multisektoralen Energiesystemmodells GENeSYS-MOD (Global Energy System Model). Die vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus einem Einführungskapitel, in welchem Motivation, Forschungsfragen und grundlegende Konzepte eingeführt werden. Weiterhin wird ein Überblick über die derzeit verfügbaren Energiesystemmodelle gegeben. Gefolgt wird das Kapitel von zwei Teilen, in denen übergreifende Forschungsfragen zu multisektoralen Energiesystemmodellen und Dekarbonisierungspfaden analysiert werden. Teil I stellt die Kernkonzepte und Schlüsselannahmen von GENeSYS-MOD vor und wendet das Modell auf eine globale Fallstudie an, die ein Energiesystem auf Basis von 100\% erneuerbaren Energien untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Umgestaltung des Energiesystems hin zu erneuerbaren Energiequellen notwendig ist, um die internationalen Klimaziele zu erreichen. In Teil I werden zudem die Erkenntnisse aus der Modellierung von weiteren 100% erneuerbaren Szenarien mit GENeSYS-MOD weiter ausgeführt. Die primären Annahmen und ihre Auswirkungen werden für verschiedene Konfigurationen von GENeSYS-MOD aufgezeigt und diskutiert. Teil II verlegt den Fokus auf regionale Anwendungen mit GENeSYS-MOD in Verbindung mit spezifischen Forschungsfragen für die jeweils analysierten Regionen. In diesen regionalen Fallstudien wird das Modell nicht nur angewandt, sondern ständig weiterentwickelt. Zunächst wird das Problem der \textit{stranded assets} in Europa mit Hilfe einer myopischen Foresight-Version von GENeSYS-MOD analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen insgesamt negativen Auswirkungen einer kurzsichtigen Politik im Kontext des Klimawandels auf. Zweitens werden in diesem Teil die Auswirkungen von Klimapolitik und CO2-Budgets auf die Transformation des chinesischen Energiesystems untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für die Einhaltung eines 2 °C-Ziels insbesondere der Kohleverbrauch drastisch reduziert werden muss. Für noch ehrgeizigere Klimaziele (1,5 °C) werden aufgrund des verstärkten Einsatzes von Sektorkopplungstechnologien erhebliche Steigerungen der gesamten Stromnachfrage und -versorgung beobachtet. Drittens wird in diesem Teil auch eine stochastische Version von GENeSYS-MOD auf das japanische Energiesystem angewandt. Hierbei wird die Notwendigkeit von Wasserstoffimporten zur Erreichung ambitionierter Klimaziele diskutiert. Dabei wird die Bedeutung und der systemweite Nutzen des Wasserstoffimports hervorgehoben, obwohl die Gesamtsystemkosten ohne diese Möglichkeit nur geringfügig steigen. Diese Dissertation unterstreicht den Wert einer sektorgekoppelten Perspektive für die langfristige Energiesystemplanung und liefert zahlreiche Forschungserkenntnisse über globale und regionale Dekarbonisierungspfade. Mit dieser Arbeit steuere ich wesentliche Beiträge zu der wissenschaftlichen Debatte über den Wert und die Bedeutung von multisektoralen Sichtweise für die Modellierung von Energiesystemen und Dekarbonisierungspfaden bei. ; Denne avhandlingen fokuserer på avkarbonisering av det globale energisystemet med multi-sektor energisystem-modellen GENeSYS-MOD (Global Energy System Model). Avhandlingen består av et introduksjonskapittel etterfulgt av to deler som analyserer overordnede forskningsspørsmål om flersektorielle energysystem-modeller og strategier for avkarbonisering. Det første kapittelet introduserer motivasjonen og forskningsspørsmålene, samt konseptet sektorkobling og en gjennomgang av alternative energisystem-modeller. Del I introduserer GENeSYS-MOD, dens etos, kjernekonsepter, og nøkkelantakelser, og den presenterer bruk av modellen i en gobal casestudie som undersøker et energisystem basert på 100% fornybare kilder. Resultater viser at en transformasjon av det globale energissytemet mot fornybare kilder er mulig og nødvendig for å overholde internasjonale klimamål. Denne delen utdyper også nyttig lærdom knyttet til modellering av 100% fornybare scenarioer med GENeSYS-MOD. De primære antakelsene og deres implikasjoner for gjennomførbarheten til 100% fornybare scenarioer diskuteres for ulike konfigurasjoner av GENeSYS-MOD. Del II fokuserer på regionale anvendelser av GENeSYS-MOD for å støtte spesifikke forskningsspørsmål knyttet til de analyserte regionene. I disse regionale anvendelsene blir ikke modellen bare brukt, men også utvidet og forbedret. Først blir problemet med ikke-utnyttbare resursser ("stranded assets") analysert for Europa med en versjon av GENeSYS-MOD som tar for seg en kortsiktig investeringshorisont. Resultatene presenterer mengden ikke-utnyttbar kapital og den overordnede negative innvirkningen av kortsiktig klimapolitikk. Videre vurderer denne delen effekten av klimapolitikk og karbonbudsjetter på transformasjonen av det kinesiske energisysemet. Resultater viser at kullforbruk, særlig i kraftsystemet, må reduseres kraftig for å nå 2 °C-målet. For enda mer ambisiøse klimamål (1.5 °C) observeres en omstendig økning i helhetlig kraftforsyning og kraftetterspørsel grunnet økt bruk av teknologi som kobler sektorer sammen. Til slutt introduserer denne delen en stokastisk versjon av GENeSYS-MOD som anvendes på det japanske energisystemet, og nødvendigheten for import av hydrogen for å nå ambisiøse klimamål diskuteres. Her fremheves viktigheten og helhetlig systemnytte av hydrogenimport, til tross for at muligheten for hydrogenimport bare gir en begrenset reduksjon av totale systemkostnader. Denne avhandlingen fremhever verdien av et sektorintegrert perspektiv ved langsiktig planlegging av energisystemer og gir flere forskningsinnsikter knyttet til globale og regionale strategier for avkarbonisering. Gjennom denne avhandlingen bidrar jeg til den vitenskapelige debatten og den akademiske litteraturen som omhandler verdien og viktigheten av flersektorielle perspektiver i energisystem-modellering og strategier for avkarbonisering.

Today, the Department of Political Science celebrated its graduates at our traditional Friday-Before-Graduation party. Alas, this year--because of COVID-19--we had to celebrate via Web Ex. We laughed, we cried, we shared memories over the past four years we've spent together.

Every year, a faculty member is chosen to give a charge to the graduates. I became the new head this past December after a stint filling in for a semester while Dr. Wilmer was on sabbatical. I decided to give the charge myself this year. What follows is the speech I delivered to these fantastic students who will go out into the world and do wonderful things. I will miss them, but at the same time, our nation needs their energy, their passion, and their brilliance now more than ever.




A Charge to the MSU Class
of 2020: The Citizen as Essential Worker

September 11, 2001.
I'll wager a bet that none of you graduating today have a clear memory of that
moment. I certainly do, and whenever I hear mention of 9-11, my mind snaps instantly
back to a particular image:  A plume of
smoke pouring from the North Tower of the World Trade Center right before—in
the background—a plane steers toward the South Tower. That plane is Flight 175,
destined to slam into that second tower shortly after 9 a.m. Eastern Time. Why does
my mind go there? I think it's because that image encapsulates the realization
that—at that exact moment—it was clear what America was facing: A terrorist
attack and likely war with those harboring the monsters who killed thousands of
innocent men, women, and children. That still frame, to me, is one of those key
turning points in a nation's history. We are still wrestling with the
consequences of that horrible day nearly twenty years later.

Right
now, we are living through another momentous time which will shape our
collective futures for a generation or more. What's your picture representing
this moment?

For
me, it's a photo of a young man with black hair and bronzed skin. He's clad in
green medical scrubs, standing astride an intersection in downtown Denver. His
arms are crossed, he's wearing a medical mask, and he's—angry? Determined?
Outraged? It's hard to see with his mouth covered.

In
front of him is a large pickup truck—a brand-spanking new silver Ram 1500. An
older, heavy-set woman, wearing a T-shirt with USA emblazoned on the front, is
leaning out of the passenger window—(Screaming? Glaring? It's not clear)—at the
medical worker blocking her car. She's holding a placard with the words, "Land
of the Free" flush against the side of the truck's door. Is she going to or
departing from a rally opposing the stay at home order put in place by
Colorado's Governor? We don't know—and that's fitting because there is so much
uncertainty in the depths of this pandemic.

For
me, that's the COVID-19 moment. With whom do you identity, graduates? The
defiant healthcare worker or the woman demanding her freedom?

It
was a stifling hot summer in Philadelphia when 56 men affixed their signatures
to parchment, detailing to the world how King George had violated the social
contract—and that the only remedy was to sunder the binds tying the 13 American
colonies to England. Freedoms had been withheld and denied, yes. But those
freedoms had been trampled upon by a government that was not representative.
The colonies had no members of Parliament. We had no say in the decisions made
for us. The Declaration is often remembered—and idealized—because it is viewed
as an expression of the freedoms that people ought to enjoy by virtue of their
humanity—rights that no government should easily deny.

But
as much as Jefferson's Declaration is one of independence from Britain, it is also
a Declaration of Inter-dependence among those proclaiming the birth of a new
nation. Let's not forget the concluding sentence:

"And for the support of this
Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we
mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor."

Back
to that picture in Denver. It's easy to say don't tread on me—like that woman
in the ginormous pickup truck. Oh, I bet it felt so damn good to release all that
frustration. Haven't we felt some of that? Don't you hunger for
companionship—to go to the grocery store sans mask, to hug your friends, to
belly up to the bar for a drink with your buddies after a long day of school?

But
then there's that man clad in protective gear in front of that car, reminding
us that those hugs, those trips to the grocery store without sanitizer, those
shared beers, or an in-person graduation celebration—can come at great cost.
Perhaps not for us—but maybe for that nurse in the ER, the grocery store clerk
checking us out, the bartender pouring that beer, or the elderly relative
sitting in the Field House as you walk across the stage.

Freedom
without responsibility to each other is just another form of tyranny. The
Founding Fathers got it; they knew that a declaration of freedom is worth no
more than the paper upon which it is printed without care for each other. The
freedoms we now enjoy were collectively earned and are collectively defended.
Are the costs we bear now any higher than those born by previous generations
charged with protecting this nation? It is a point worth pondering.

Our
inter-dependence is essential, so I find it disturbing that the Department of
Homeland Security's definition of so-called essential workers neglected perhaps
the most important job of all: Citizen. Our allegiance in this liberal
democracy of ours is to each other—we are all essential. To be free, we citizens
must all hang together— at six feet apart (!)—or surely, we will hang
separately.

Graduates
of the Class of 2020. I remind you that to establish justice, ensure domestic
tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity required the
founders to strive for a more perfect union.
To be more perfect: Together. Your charge is to work on that union as citizens,
mindful of what we owe each other, while being kind to ourselves and others
during these turbulent times.

Diese Arbeit besteht aus zwei Veröffentlichungen und einer bevorstehenden Veröffentlichung zu unterschiedlichen hochschulpolitischen Themenkomplexen, die im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts "Bildungsforschung als Basis für die Hochschulpolitik in Niedersachsen" (Fördernummer 51490026) entstanden sind. Kapitel 1 führt in die Bedeutung der Bildung – und insbesondere der Hochschulbildung – für die Gesellschaft ein und gibt einen Überblick über hochschulpolitische Maßnahmen in Deutschland. Kapitel 2 analysiert das Wanderungsverhalten von Studienberechtigten zur Aufnahme eines Studiums. Die ausreichende Bereitstellung von Studienplätzen für Studienanfängerinnen und anfänger ist eine Voraussetzung für die Eröffnung von Teilhabechancen in der Bildung. Um abschätzen zu können, ob die Anzahl der angebotenen Studienplätze ausreicht, ist die Kenntnis des Wanderungsverhaltens von Studienberechtigten hilfreich. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, unterschiedliche Wanderungsmuster und Gründe für die Zuwanderung in die Bundesländer auszuarbeiten, um Einflussfaktoren für die zukünftige Zahl von Studienanfängerzahlen zu benennen. Dieser Beitrag ergänzt die bisherigen Veröffentlichungen, indem er versucht, eine Verbindung zwischen individuellen Wanderungsmotiven und makroökonomisch erklärten Wanderungsströmen herzustellen sowie gleichzeitig die räumlich-geographische Distanz als wichtige Einflussgröße zu berücksichtigen. Genauer können die Bundesländer durch die Anwendung einer Cluster- und Varianzanalyse aufgrund ihrer Wanderungsstrukturen in vier Gruppen eingeteilt werden, die klare Muster aufweisen und sich in den Eigenschaften Größe, Arbeitslosigkeit, Studienangebot, Hochschulqualität sowie Lebensumfeld unterscheiden. Abhängig von diesen Ergebnissen lassen sich Gründe für das Wanderungsverhalten ableiten, die ökonometrisch in einem Gravitationsmodell abgebildet und zu einem methodischen Ansatz zusammengefasst werden können. Es zeigt sich, dass räumlich lange Wege und Studiengebühren negativ sowie ein hohes Angebot an Hochschulen und Studienplätzen positiv auf die Zuwanderung wirken. In Kapitel 3 wird das Übergangsverhalten von Studienberechtigten in die Hochschule vor dem Hintergrund der Politikmaßnahme zur Verkürzung der Schulzeit (G8) eingehend analysiert. Die Maßnahme G8 zielte darauf ab, dass deutsche Abiturienten schneller anfangen zu studie-ren und damit schlussendlich dem Arbeitsmarkt eher zu Verfügung stehen. Mit der Arbeit in Kapitel 3 soll der Effekt einer verkürzten Schulzeit infolge von G8 auf die Übergangsdauer von Studienberechtigten, d.h. die Zeit zwischen Erlangung des Abiturs und Studienbeginn, mittels eines Difference-in-difference Ansatzes in Kombination mit einer Panel Schätzung mit Fixed Effects untersucht werden. Anders als bei bestehenden anderen Untersuchungen wurde hier der vollständige Zeitraum der G8 Umsetzung (2006–2017) einbezogen, weitere makro-ökonomische Variablen, welche den Übergangszeitraum beeinflussen, als Kontrollvariablen integriert sowie eine Vollerhebung zu den realisierten Übergangsquoten als Datengrundlage verwendet. Als zentrales Ergebnis lässt sich festhalten, dass durch die G8 Reform der unmittelbare Übergang ins Studium negativ und alle zeitverzögerten Übergangsraten positiv beeinflusst wurden. Die Studiumsaufnahme hat sich infolge von G8 also bei einer Vielzahl von Studienberechtigten um mindestens ein Jahr nach hinten verschoben. Das Kapitel 4 wendet sich den Hochschulen und ihrer wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung neben ihrer Charakteristik als öffentliches Gut und ideellen Wert zu. So haben Hochschulen einen nicht zu vernachlässigenden Einfluss auf Angebot und Nachfrage und repräsentieren damit einen wichtigen wirtschaftlichen Akteur in ihrer Region. Mit diesem Beitrag wird auf Basis einer Multiplikatoranalyse für die Nachfragewirkungen sowie eines räumlich-ökonometrischen Schätzmodells (spatial panel) für die Angebotswirkungen die Bedeutung der Hochschulstandorte in Niedersachsens auf Kreisebene quantifiziert, verglichen und klassifiziert. Im Vergleich zu zahlreichen anderen Beiträgen, welche die ökonomische Bewertung von Hochschulstandorten vornehmen, stellt dieser Beitrag nicht nur eine bestimmte Hochschule bzw. Hochschulregion losgelöst von anderen Standorten in den Fokus, sondern bietet ein umfassendes, vollständiges und konsistentes Bild aller Hochschulstandorte in Niedersachsen, sodass auch ein Vergleich der Standorte untereinander möglich ist. Die einkommensinduzierten direkten und indirekten Nachfrageeffekte werden auf Basis eines detaillierten Datensatzes der Hochschulstatistik in Kombination mit Einkommens- und Beschäftigungsmultiplikatoren aus einer regionalen Input-Output-Tabelle berechnet. Die angebotsseitigen Effekte, also die Wirkungen, die aus der Lehre und Forschung entstehen, werden auf Basis der Humankapitaltheorie und der Theorie zur Wissensverbreitung (knowledge spillover theory) mit Hilfe von spatial panel regressionen geschätzt. Die Ergebnisse vermitteln einen vollständigen und nachvollziehbaren Eindruck über die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung jedes einzelnen Hochschulstandorts in Niedersachsen und ermöglichen Vergleiche zwischen den Standorten sowie Eingruppierungen. ; This thesis consists of two published articles and one forthcoming article encompassing different subjects related to higher educational policies. The articles were part of the research project "Educational Research as the Basis for University Policy in Lower Saxony" (grant number 51490026). In Chapter 1 the importance of education – and in particular higher education – for society is introduced. In connection with this, the education policies for higher education in Germany are summarised. In Chapter 2 is dealt with the migration behaviour of school leavers who start studying. The adequate and sufficient supply of university places that meets the demand of first year students is one aspect of equal access and participation possibilities in higher education. Therefore, it is important to have knowledge of the migration behaviour of school leavers holding a university admittance qualification. The aim of this article is to work out different migration patterns and reasons for migration between the federal states in order to identify influencing factors for the future number of first-year students. This contribution complements the previous studies by attempting to create a link between individual migration motives and macro-economically explained migration flows, while at the same time considering the spatial distance as an important factor. Applying a cluster and variance analysis to the migration characteristics, the Federal States in Germany can be divided into four groups. The clusters vary in size, unemployment, range of offered courses, university quality and living conditions. Based on this information, reasons for migration can be deducted and empirically evaluated using a gravity model. It can be shown that long distances and tuition fees have a negative impact on inmigration whereas a large number of universities and a high supply of university places show positive effects. In Chapter 3 is analysed in detail the transition time of school graduates from leaving school until enrolment into university against the background of the policy measure G8. The policy measure G8 was supposed to bring German school leavers into university earlier. The aim of the contribution in Chapter 3 is to evaluate the effect of G8 on the transition from school into university using a difference-in-differences set-up within panel estimation with fixed effects. In comparison to a number of other studies, in this contribution, the complete time period of the G8 implementation (2006–2017) was considered, other macro factors affecting the transition process were controlled for and a full population survey encompassing realised enrolment rates was used. The main finding was that the G8 reform affected the enrolment rate for an immediate transition negatively but all other subsequent transition rates with higher time gaps positively. The university enrolment was hence postponed by at least one year due to G8. Chapter 4 focuses on universities and their economic contribution in addition to their characteristics as a non-material public good. Universities are important economic actors in having a considerable impact on the demand and supply side of their local economy. The aim of the contribution in Chapter 4 is to quantify, compare and classify the different economic demand- and supply-side contributions of the university locations within Lower-Saxony using a com-bination of multiplier analysis and spatial econometrics on a NUTS 3 level. In comparison to numerous other studies this contribution does not focus on the economic impact of single cases or a selected university location but gives a complete picture of the importance and significance of all university locations within Lower-Saxony. The income induced direct and indirect demand effects were estimated with a rich data set from higher education statistics in combination with an income and employment multiplier derived from a regional input-output table while the supply-side effects, i. e. the impact of the education and research outcomes, were determined by estimating with spatial panel regressions a model derived from human capital theory and knowledge spillover theory. The estimation results gave a complete and reproducible impression of the importance and significance of the different university locations offering the opportunity for comparisons and classifications.

The focus of this doctoral dissertation is the concept of authenticity applied to Sámi tourism. The main aim was to investigate how authenticity has been conceptualised in tourism research and how it related to the use of labels in Sámi tourism. The Sámi Indigenous population have engaged in tourism activities for decades and the outcomes have been mixed. While tourism has been a source of extra income and a way to convey Sámi culture(s), it has also resulted in stress, cultural commodification, and disturbances. Furthermore, tourism can also be a negative force from the perspective of different aspects of sustainability. Due to these factors, this dissertation has sought to analyse authenticity and the role of labels in order to make recommendations regarding Sámi culture(s) in the context of tourism. Furthermore, an alternative conceptualisation of authenticity as a theoretical contribution to tourism scholarship is introduced. Authenticity is a concept that has developed in different directions in tourism research. Approaches to authenticity based on 'objectivity', or alternatively on the tourists' subjective experiences are seen as two extremes, since the basis is either completely subjective or it requires a strict division between 'authentic' an 'inauthentic'. A niche in tourism research has proposed for authenticity to be a negotiation between different dimensions, which is the specific area analysed in this dissertation. Consequently, authenticity is conceptualised as a compromise between the different subjective dimensions of Sámi culture(s) along with historical, political, and socio-cultural aspects. Such a conceptualisation allows for the negotiation of criteria to create a label to protect Sámi culture(s) as well as to promote sustainability. Through such a conceptualisation the Sámi can argue from a standpoint of truth. When everything is reduced to subjective experiences and discourse, it is not possible for one position to be more valid than another. This also allows for the Sámi to counter dominant tourism discourse, which is mainly based on exoticism, Othering and stereotypes. This is also a more bottom-up approach in which 'authentic' versus 'inauthentic' is not a strict dichotomous division, but rather the result of a dialogue. This dissertation is based on five publications. Two are conceptual and pertain to the role of labels in tourism research and the conceptualisation of authenticity as a compromise. In the latter, the conceptualisation of Sámi culture is based on a critical realist term called 'concrete universals'. This word encompasses culture as a series of subjective manifestations that have a connection: a universal component. Culture as concrete universals allows for subjective interpretations as well as a connection that brings such interpretations together. Critical realism is a realist emancipatory approach which postulates the existence of one single reality. However, epistemologically, critical realism supports different views on reality and such viewpoints are very important. The critical realist methodological framework employed in this dissertation is the DEA, which stands for diagnosis, explanation, action. First the phenomenon is thoroughly investigated, theories are evaluated and, if necessary, discarded. In the final phase, action, changes are suggested for the situation under study. The framework has also an iterative phase of correction, in which changes can be made to reflect the collected data. The three empirical publications are based, respectively, on a critical discourse analysis of Sámi tourism websites, an interview study, and a content analysis of tourism brochures. Marketing material has been found to be influenced by the general tourism marketing discourse portraying the Sámi and other Indigenous populations as primitive, unchanged, and connected to nature. However, Sámi culture(s) is also portrayed as modern and in constant development. The interview data also showed a focus on nature and sustainability, which has been analysed from the viewpoint of ecotourism. ; Tämän väitöskirjan keskiössä on autenttisuuden käsite saamelaismatkailuun sovellettuna. Päätavoitteena oli tutkia, kuinka autenttisuutta on käsitteellistetty matkailututkimuksessa ja miten se suhteutuu erilaisten sertifikaattien käyttöön saamelaismatkailussa. Saamelaiset ovat olleet mukana matkailutoiminnassa vuosikymmenien ajan, ja tulokset ovat olleet vaihtelevia. Vaikka matkailu on ollut lisätulon lähde ja tapa kertoa saamelaiskulttuurista, se on myös johtanut stressiin, kulttuuri(e)n kauppatavaraksi muuttumiseen ja häiriöihin. Lisäksi matkailulla voi vaikuttaa kielteisesti kestävyyden eri ulottuvuuksien näkökulmasta. Näistä syistä johtuen tässä väitöskirjassa on pyritty analysoimaan autenttisuutta ja sertifikaattien roolia tavoitteena antaa suosituksia koskien saamelaiskulttuuria(-eja) matkailun kontekstissa. Lisäksi teoreettisena kontribuutiona esitetään vaihtoehtoinen tapa käsitteellistää autenttisuus matkailututkimuksessa. Autenttisuus on käsite, joka on kehittynyt eri suuntiin matkailun tutkimuksessa. Lähestymistavat, joissa autenttisuus perustuu "objektiivisuuteen" tai vaihtoehtoisesti matkailijoiden subjektiivisiin kokemuksiin, nähdään autenttisuuden kahtena ääripäänä, koska perusta on joko täysin subjektiivinen tai se vaatii tiukan jaon "autenttisuuden" ja "epäautenttisuuden" välille. Jotkut matkailututkijat ovat ehdottaneet autenttisuuden olevan neuvottelu eri ulottuvuuksien välillä, jota tämä väitöskirja keskittyy analysoimaan. Tämän analyysin seurauksena autenttisuus on käsitteellistetty kompromissiksi erilaisten subjektiivisten ulottuvuuksien välillä saamelaiskulttuur(e)issa huomioiden historialliset, poliittiset ja sosiaalikulttuuriset tekijät. Tällainen käsitteellistäminen antaa mahdollisuuden neuvotella perusteista, joilla voidaan luoda sertifikaatti suojelemaan saamelaiskulttuuria(-eja) sekä edistää kestävyyttä. Tällaisen käsitteellistämisen kautta saamelaiset voivat vedota perusteluissaan totuuteen. Kun kaikki on pelkistetty subjektiivisiksi kokemuksiksi ja diskurssiksi, ei ole mahdollista, että yksi näkökulma on pätevämpi kuin toinen. Vaihtoehtoinen käsitteellistäminen antaa saamelaisille mahdollisuuden kohdata hallitseva matkailun diskurssi, joka perustuu pääasiassa eksotisointiin, toiseuttamiseen ja stereotypioihin. Kyse on enemmän alhaalta ylöspäin -lähestymistavasta, jossa autenttisuus verrattuna epäautenttisuuteen ei ole tiukka kahtiajako vaan ennemminkin vuoropuhelun tulos. Väitöskirja perustuu viiteen julkaisuun. Kaksi julkaisua on käsitteellisiä. Ne koskevat sertifikaattien roolia matkailututkimuksessa sekä autenttisuuden käsitteellistämistä kompromissina. Viimemainitussa saamelaiskulttuurin käsitteellistäminen perustuu kriittisen realismin ajatukseen konkreettisista universaaleista. Kulttuuri käsitetään sarjaksi subjektiivisia ilmentymiä, jotka ovat yhteydessä toisiinsa: niillä on jokin yhteinen, universaali komponentti. Kulttuuri konkreettisina universaaleina mahdollistaa niin subjektiiviset tulkinnat kuin myös yhteyden näiden tulkintojen välillä. Kriittinen realismi on realistinen ja emansipatorinen lähestymistapa, joka olettaa, että on olemassa yksi todellisuus. Kuitenkin epistemologisesti kriittinen realismi kannattaa eri näkemyksiä todellisuudesta, ja tällaiset näkökulmat ovat erittäin tärkeitä. Tässä tutkimuksessa kriittisen realismin menetelmien viitekehyksenä käytettiin DEA:ta, joka tarkoittaa diagnoosia, selitystä ja toimintaa: Ensiksi ilmiö tutkitaan läpikotaisin, sitä koskevat teoriat arvioidaan ja, jos tarpeellista, hylätään. Viimeisessä vaiheessa eli toiminnassa ehdotetaan muutoksia tutkittuun tilanteeseen. Viitekehyksessä on myös toistuva korjauksen vaihe, jossa voidaan tehdä muutoksia kerätyn aineiston pohjalta. Kolme empiiristä julkaisua perustuvat tässä järjestyksessä kriittiseen diskurssianalyysiin saamelaismatkailun internet-sivuista, haastattelututkimukseen sekä matkailuesitteiden sisällönanalyysiin. Matkailun yleisen markkinointidiskurssin havaittiin vaikuttavan analysoituihin markkinointimateriaaleihin. Se esittää saamelaiset ja muut alkuperäiskansat primitiivisinä, muuttumattomina ja luonnonyhteyden säilyttäneinä. Toisaalta saamelaiskulttuuri(t) esitettiin myös modern(e)ina ja jatkuvasti kehittyvä(i)nä. Lisäksi haastatteluaineisto osoitti keskittymistä luontoon ja kestävyyteen, mitä analysoitiin ekomatkailun näkökulmasta.

Changes in the organisation and mobilisation of work in France lead to the emergence of grey zones of work and employment. In this context of self-employment growth, nearly 150 Business and Em-ployment Cooperatives (BEC) establish mutualisation and cooperation forms between entrepreneur-salaried employees. Their democratic production system and the employment terms aim at improving the conditions of autonomy in and through work. In 2014, the law on Social and Solidarity Econ-omy recognised BECs; however, the decrease in public funding is nevertheless impacting their already limited resources. This thesis sheds light on the understanding of these experimental production systems aiming to mitigate structural changes in production and wage relations. It focuses on the instituted and instituting spaces, which go beyond the opposing theoretical patterns of market/non-market production, wage labour/self-employment.Working from an institutionalist perspective, this thesis focuses on the strategic and organisational orientations of BECs which favour the combination of a socio-political and economic dimensions. The integral participatory action-research approach is enhanced by the logic of pragmatic inquiry. The case study is based on Oxalis, Coopaname and Artenréel. The monographic work considers the nature and scope of productive activities, the socio-productive system, the strategic orientations, the means of production and the modes of governance. The dialogue between the conceptual architec-ture of the regulation theory and the pragmatism of the social economy makes it possible to revisit the productive models, which allows to qualify the cooperative compromises of government of the BECs around multifunctional productive dynamics. This results in a reading grid and socioeconomic indicators to study BECs. Between 2013 and 2018, the analysis of the multifunctional productive logics in three BECs shows the ambivalence and the structuring instability of the cooperative government compromises. In Oxalis, the preponderance of economic development is framed by autonomy and professional solidarity through production cooperation. In Coopaname, the compromise marks the pre-eminence of politics, social ties and solidarity before economic development. In Artenréel, the historical compromise continues with the primacy of social accompaniment and the diffusion of cooperation in the artistic milieu, in a pattern of general interest and social utility, with a strong instituted dimension. On the basis of three BECs studied, we highlight several factors of unity and diversity of the BECs' socio-productive models. The sustainability of their socio-productive dynamics is guaranteed by their Cooperative Project, which favours integration through entrepreneurial economic activity, autonomy in work and production cooperation. The difficulty for them is to have sufficient market resources in order to perpetuate their mutualized services and provide acceptable income for their members. Paradoxically, it is the structural instability of their compromise that guarantees the solidity of multi-functional socio-productive models. There are recurrent organizational dysfunctions and relational tensions. Their strategies of competitiveness are specific as BECs choose to emphasize either a political, a social or an economic dimension, or they can be combined in different ways. Their organizational forms also differ according to the means of mutualization and cooperation, and the modalities of governance. This thesis provides scientific results that enrich the regulation theory and social economy, and also operational results for the BECs. The cooperative activity report takes into account the inherent tensions in the social relations of production. The multifunctionality of self-employment makes the contradictory temporalities and the purposes of the activities explicit. ; En France, les mutations de l'organisation et de mobilisation du travail engendrent des zones grises de l'emploi et du travail. Dans ce contexte de croissance du travail indépendant, près de 150 Coopératives d'Activités et d'Emploi (CAE) inventent des formes de mutualisation et de coopération entre des entrepreneuses-salariées-associées. Ce système socioproductif démocratique et ses modalités d'emploi visent l'amélioration des conditions d'autonomie dans et par le travail. Les CAE sont reconnues par la loi ESS 2014, mais la diminution des financements publics impacte pourtant leurs ressources déjà limitées. Cette thèse éclaire la compréhension de ces systèmes socioproductifs expérimentaux visant à pallier les mutations structurelles de la production et des relations salariales. Elle s'intéresse aux espaces institués et instituants, au-delà des schémas opposants production marchande/non marchande, salariat/indépendance.Dans une perspective institutionnaliste, cette thèse se focalise sur les configurations stratégiques et organisationnelles des CAE, combinant plusieurs dimensions socioproductives. La démarche de recherche-action participative intégrale s'enrichit de la logique d'enquête pragmatiste. Trois CAE (Oxalis, Coopaname et Artenréel) composent l'étude de cas. Le travail monographique considère la nature et le périmètre des activités productives, le système socioproductif, les orientations stratégiques, les moyens de production et les modes de gouvernance. Le dialogue entre l'architecture conceptuelle de la théorie de la régulation et l'empirisme de l'économie sociale permet de revisiter les modèles productifs, pour qualifier les compromis de gouvernement coopératif des CAE autour de dynamiques productives multifonctionnelles. Il en résulte une grille de lecture et d'indicateurs socioéconomiques pour étudier les CAE. Entre 2013 et 2018, l'analyse des logiques productives multifonctionnelles dans les trois CAE montre l'ambivalence et l'instabilité structurante des compromis de gouvernement coopératif. À Oxalis, la prépondérance du développement économique est encadrée par l'idée d'autonomie et de solidarité professionnelle par la coopération de production. À Coopaname, le compromis marque la prééminence du politique, des liens sociaux et de la solidarité avant le développement économique. À Artenréel, le compromis historique se poursuit avec la primauté de l'accompagnement social, et de la diffusion de la coopération dans le milieu artistique, dans une logique d'intérêt général et d'utilité sociale, avec une forte dimension instituée. Notre analyse des modèles socioproductifs met en exergue plusieurs facteurs d'unité et de diversité du mouvement des CAE. La pérennité de leurs dynamiques socioproductives est garantie par leur Projet coopératif privilégiant l'insertion par l'activité économique entrepreneuriale, l'autonomie dans le travail et la coopération de production. Leur difficulté concerne leurs ressources marchandes insuffisantes pour pérenniser leurs services mutualisés et des revenus acceptables pour leurs membres. Paradoxalement, c'est l'instabilité structurelle de leur compromis qui est un facteur clé de la solidité de modèles socioproductifs multifonctionnels. On relève des dysfonctionnements organisationnels et des tensions relationnelles récurrents. Ce qui les différencie, ce sont leurs stratégies de compétitivité selon la priorité donnée au politique, au social ou à l'économique. Leurs formes organisationnelles se distinguent aussi selon les moyens de mutualisation et de coopération, et les modalités de gouvernance. Cette thèse apporte des résultats scientifiques enrichissant la théorie de la régulation et l'économie sociale, et des résultats opérationnels pour les CAE. Le rapport coopératif d'activité envisage les tensions inhérentes aux relations sociales de production. La multifonctionnalité du travail autonome explicite les temporalités et les finalités contradictoires des activités.

This research was originally based on the objective to individuate the newspapers and the periodicals that, in the early post-unity era, hosted the novellas of the most important writers of the time. However, even if we took into account some interesting publishing examples and the evolution of press in the 19th century, we decided to focus on the case of "Rassegna Settimanale", since we believe that this hebdomadal, founded by Leopoldo Franchetti and Sidney Sonnino in 1878 in Florence, played an essential role in the evolution of modern novella. Therefore, in order to give the reader the opportunity to gather the innovations produced by the Florentine periodical, the first chapter illustrates the historical, political and socio-cultural context of the journal. While during Risorgimento the idealistic and oligarchic concept of society was prevailing, starting from the '70s Franchetti and Sonnino's thought introduced new subjects into the debate about the relationship between elites and farming masses, between the North and the South. In their thought there is a new idea of State, seen as a super partes welfarist authority, called to intervene in the economic life of the Country to fight mistreatments and social disequilibrium. The new perspective about masses and poverty is the foothold for the rise of verism and novella, which becomes the typical genre of modernity when novelists dismiss omniscient narration and opt for a type of narrator supporting a less stylized idea of the working class. That is, novella turns into short story when it assumes the ideological perspective suggested by the directors of "Rassegna Settimanale". Taking into consideration the theories of novella composition advocated by Edgar Allan Poe, the contraintes established by the journal (especially standard length and organic connection with the social themes dear to the two directors) turn out to be essential to the future acknowledgment of the genre. For these reasons, the last part of this research consists of a reinterpretation of novellas of the journal's most renowned writers, such as Giovanni Verga, Mario Pratesi, Matilde Serao, Renato Fucini, Emilio De Marchi, in light of the new publishing conditions fostered by Sonnino and Franchetti. ; À la suite d'une recherche préliminaire vouée à l'identification des principaux journaux qui, après l'unification de l'Italie, ont ouvert leurs colonnes aux écrivains de nouvelles, la thèse porte sur le cas de la Rassegna Settimanale. Cet hebdomadaire, fondé en janvier 1878 à Florence par Leopoldo Franchetti et par Sidney Sonnino, marque un tournant dans l'histoire de la prose narrative nationale et notamment dans l'histoire de la nouvelle. Dans la première partie de la thèse on analyse en profondeur le contexte socioculturel du Risorgimento pour mieux faire ressortir le dépassement de certaines questions artistiques connexes à une conception idéaliste et oligarchique de la société, où les besoins des masses populaires restent sans réponse. La réflexion stimulée par Franchetti et Sonnino pénètre au cœur du débat sur les relations entre le pouvoir et la paysannerie, entre le Nord et le Sud, en culminant dans la proposition d'un nouveau rôle pour l'État dans la vie économique du Pays. Ce nouveau regard sur les masses et sur la pauvreté devient le point d'appui pour l'essor du vérisme et de la nouvelle. Cette dernière est caractérisée comme un genre typique de la modernité (short story) qui entend se rapprocher du peuple en s'enrichissant de la perspective idéologique suggérée par les directeurs, et en s'adaptant aux contraintes formelles fixées par la revue. La dernière partie de la thèse consiste à relire, à la lumière des conditions fondamentales créées par les directeurs de la Rassegna Settimanale, les nouvelles publiées par les écrivains les plus renommés de la revue, tels que Giovanni Verga, Mario Pratesi, Renato Fucini, Matilde Serao et Emilio De Marchi. ; Il presente lavoro muove da una ricerca preliminare volta all'individuazione dei quotidiani e dei periodici che nei primi decenni postunitari hanno ospitato sulle proprie colonne le novelle dei più importanti scrittori dell'epoca. Tuttavia, sebbene si tenga conto di alcune interessanti proposte editoriali (con un focus sulle seguenti aree geografiche: Milano, Torino, Firenze, Roma) e, in linea generale, dell'evoluzione conosciuta dal mondo della stampa nel XIX secolo, si è deciso di affrontare il caso specifico della "Rassegna Settimanale" perché si è convinti che a questo particolare ebdomadario, fondato nel 1878 a Firenze da Leopoldo Franchetti e Sidney Sonnino, sia legato un momento di svolta del giornalismo nonché della narrativa nazionale e, soprattutto, lo sviluppo della novella moderna. Così, affinché il lettore possa cogliere nella loro entità le rivoluzionarie novità apportate dalla rivista fiorentina, nel primo capitolo della tesi si è illustrato il contesto storico, politico e socioculturale nel quale il periodico va ad inserirsi. Se durante il Risorgimento predomina una concezione idealista e oligarchica della società e i bisogni del popolo restano essenzialmente inascoltati, a partire dai primi anni '70 la riflessione stimolata da Franchetti e Sonnino introduce nuovi argomenti nel dibattito riguardante le relazioni tra potere e masse contadine, tra Nord e Sud. Nel loro pensiero politico trova posto una nuova idea di Stato, definibile a tutti gli effetti assistenzialista, dal momento che, in quanto ente super partes, è chiamato ad intervenire nella vita economica del Paese per far fronte a fenomeni di sfruttamento e al disequilibrio sociale. Il nuovo sguardo sulle masse e sulla povertà diventa il punto d'appoggio per l'ascesa del verismo e della novella: quest'ultima comincia a delinearsi come genere tipico della modernità quando gli scrittori adottano, nella finzione narrativa, non più la prospettiva di un narratore onnisciente bensì la voce di un narratore che si fa portavoce di una concezione diversa del mondo popolare, meno stilizzato; la novella, cioè, diventa short story quando si impreziosisce della prospettiva ideologica suggerita dai direttori della "Rassegna Settimanale". Dal punto di vista formale, con uno sguardo rivolto alle teorie sulla composizione della novella avanzate da Edgar Allan Poe, le contraintes fissate dalla rivista – due su tutte: la lunghezza standard e il rapporto organico con le tematiche sociali care ai due direttori – si rivelano necessarie per la futura canonizzazione del genere. L'ultima parte del presente lavoro, pertanto, verte su una rilettura delle novelle pubblicate dagli scrittori più rinomati della rivista, quali Giovanni Verga, Mario Pratesi, Matilde Serao, Renato Fucini, Emilio De Marchi, alla luce delle condizioni editoriali favorite da Sonnino e Franchetti.

Changes in the organisation and mobilisation of work in France lead to the emergence of grey zones of work and employment. In this context of self-employment growth, nearly 150 Business and Em-ployment Cooperatives (BEC) establish mutualisation and cooperation forms between entrepreneur-salaried employees. Their democratic production system and the employment terms aim at improving the conditions of autonomy in and through work. In 2014, the law on Social and Solidarity Econ-omy recognised BECs; however, the decrease in public funding is nevertheless impacting their already limited resources. This thesis sheds light on the understanding of these experimental production systems aiming to mitigate structural changes in production and wage relations. It focuses on the instituted and instituting spaces, which go beyond the opposing theoretical patterns of market/non-market production, wage labour/self-employment.Working from an institutionalist perspective, this thesis focuses on the strategic and organisational orientations of BECs which favour the combination of a socio-political and economic dimensions. The integral participatory action-research approach is enhanced by the logic of pragmatic inquiry. The case study is based on Oxalis, Coopaname and Artenréel. The monographic work considers the nature and scope of productive activities, the socio-productive system, the strategic orientations, the means of production and the modes of governance. The dialogue between the conceptual architec-ture of the regulation theory and the pragmatism of the social economy makes it possible to revisit the productive models, which allows to qualify the cooperative compromises of government of the BECs around multifunctional productive dynamics. This results in a reading grid and socioeconomic indicators to study BECs. Between 2013 and 2018, the analysis of the multifunctional productive logics in three BECs shows the ambivalence and the structuring instability of the cooperative government compromises. In Oxalis, the preponderance of economic development is framed by autonomy and professional solidarity through production cooperation. In Coopaname, the compromise marks the pre-eminence of politics, social ties and solidarity before economic development. In Artenréel, the historical compromise continues with the primacy of social accompaniment and the diffusion of cooperation in the artistic milieu, in a pattern of general interest and social utility, with a strong instituted dimension. On the basis of three BECs studied, we highlight several factors of unity and diversity of the BECs' socio-productive models. The sustainability of their socio-productive dynamics is guaranteed by their Cooperative Project, which favours integration through entrepreneurial economic activity, autonomy in work and production cooperation. The difficulty for them is to have sufficient market resources in order to perpetuate their mutualized services and provide acceptable income for their members. Paradoxically, it is the structural instability of their compromise that guarantees the solidity of multi-functional socio-productive models. There are recurrent organizational dysfunctions and relational tensions. Their strategies of competitiveness are specific as BECs choose to emphasize either a political, a social or an economic dimension, or they can be combined in different ways. Their organizational forms also differ according to the means of mutualization and cooperation, and the modalities of governance. This thesis provides scientific results that enrich the regulation theory and social economy, and also operational results for the BECs. The cooperative activity report takes into account the inherent tensions in the social relations of production. The multifunctionality of self-employment makes the contradictory temporalities and the purposes of the activities explicit. ; En France, les mutations de l'organisation et de mobilisation du travail engendrent des zones grises de l'emploi et du travail. Dans ce contexte de croissance du travail indépendant, près de 150 Coopératives d'Activités et d'Emploi (CAE) inventent des formes de mutualisation et de coopération entre des entrepreneuses-salariées-associées. Ce système socioproductif démocratique et ses modalités d'emploi visent l'amélioration des conditions d'autonomie dans et par le travail. Les CAE sont reconnues par la loi ESS 2014, mais la diminution des financements publics impacte pourtant leurs ressources déjà limitées. Cette thèse éclaire la compréhension de ces systèmes socioproductifs expérimentaux visant à pallier les mutations structurelles de la production et des relations salariales. Elle s'intéresse aux espaces institués et instituants, au-delà des schémas opposants production marchande/non marchande, salariat/indépendance.Dans une perspective institutionnaliste, cette thèse se focalise sur les configurations stratégiques et organisationnelles des CAE, combinant plusieurs dimensions socioproductives. La démarche de recherche-action participative intégrale s'enrichit de la logique d'enquête pragmatiste. Trois CAE (Oxalis, Coopaname et Artenréel) composent l'étude de cas. Le travail monographique considère la nature et le périmètre des activités productives, le système socioproductif, les orientations stratégiques, les moyens de production et les modes de gouvernance. Le dialogue entre l'architecture conceptuelle de la théorie de la régulation et l'empirisme de l'économie sociale permet de revisiter les modèles productifs, pour qualifier les compromis de gouvernement coopératif des CAE autour de dynamiques productives multifonctionnelles. Il en résulte une grille de lecture et d'indicateurs socioéconomiques pour étudier les CAE. Entre 2013 et 2018, l'analyse des logiques productives multifonctionnelles dans les trois CAE montre l'ambivalence et l'instabilité structurante des compromis de gouvernement coopératif. À Oxalis, la prépondérance du développement économique est encadrée par l'idée d'autonomie et de solidarité professionnelle par la coopération de production. À Coopaname, le compromis marque la prééminence du politique, des liens sociaux et de la solidarité avant le développement économique. À Artenréel, le compromis historique se poursuit avec la primauté de l'accompagnement social, et de la diffusion de la coopération dans le milieu artistique, dans une logique d'intérêt général et d'utilité sociale, avec une forte dimension instituée. Notre analyse des modèles socioproductifs met en exergue plusieurs facteurs d'unité et de diversité du mouvement des CAE. La pérennité de leurs dynamiques socioproductives est garantie par leur Projet coopératif privilégiant l'insertion par l'activité économique entrepreneuriale, l'autonomie dans le travail et la coopération de production. Leur difficulté concerne leurs ressources marchandes insuffisantes pour pérenniser leurs services mutualisés et des revenus acceptables pour leurs membres. Paradoxalement, c'est l'instabilité structurelle de leur compromis qui est un facteur clé de la solidité de modèles socioproductifs multifonctionnels. On relève des dysfonctionnements organisationnels et des tensions relationnelles récurrents. Ce qui les différencie, ce sont leurs stratégies de compétitivité selon la priorité donnée au politique, au social ou à l'économique. Leurs formes organisationnelles se distinguent aussi selon les moyens de mutualisation et de coopération, et les modalités de gouvernance. Cette thèse apporte des résultats scientifiques enrichissant la théorie de la régulation et l'économie sociale, et des résultats opérationnels pour les CAE. Le rapport coopératif d'activité envisage les tensions inhérentes aux relations sociales de production. La multifonctionnalité du travail autonome explicite les temporalités et les finalités contradictoires des activités.

The occurrence of micropollutants in water is recognized as a public health concern that needs to be addressed. The challenge is both to implement water reuse and to prevent micropollutants from being disseminated in the environment, and therefore to stop their detrimental effects. These so-called emerging contaminants are anthropogenic and most of them are non-biodegradable. Therefore, conventional biological treatments of wastewater treatment plants are not appropriate. Heterogeneous photocatalysis belongs to the advanced oxidation processes developed specifically for micropollutants' removal. This process can be operated under solar light which makes it a relevant environmental-friendly option. Solar characteristics, such as light fluctuation and intermittency, have a direct impact on the process's treatment capacity and need to be considered for its management. In the literature, photocatalytic reactors are mainly operated in a batch mode, which implies stopping treatment during the night. The development of continuous-mode reactors requires finding solutions to deal with light intermittency. This thesis aims, in a first part, to develop a model to predict the process's treatment capacity of a continuous-mode reactor based on heterogeneous photocatalysis. This step is essential for the scaling and control of solar processes for micropollutants' removal. The study also focuses, in a second part, on the reliability of a technology for intermittency management. This technology is based on a composite material made of an adsorbent and a photocatalyst. The adsorbent allows to store micropollutants when light is not enough, during the night or cloudy events. The photocatalyst enables the contaminants to be degraded, both in the liquid and solid phases, in order to operate the liquid treatment as well as regenerating the adsorbent. These two studies aim to bring knowledge to the development of continuous-mode solar processes, that can operate despite solar intermittency and light fluctuations. The first step to reach the previous purposes, is to develop a model to represent the radiation field inside the photoreactor for the two studied photocatalysts with the aim of calculating the local volumetric rate of photon absorption (LVRPA). In case of photocatalysts in suspension, literature about modelling radiative transfer is rich in comparison with supported photocatalysts. Therefore, the two tested media, titanium dioxide in suspension and titanium dioxide supported on an inert macroporous foam, require specific methodologies. The second step is to determine the kinetics model, which is a function of the pollutant concentration and the LVRPA, thanks to batch-mode experiments. Local kinetics of the different pairs "pollutant/photocatalysts" (caffeine/suspension or foam) are determined. Two reactors are studied: a plug-flow one and a perfectly well-mixed one. Knowing the models of their hydrodynamics and their kinetics, the combination of all of them is validated and then applied on photo-degradation experiments of caffeine under dynamic light operating conditions, representative of real solar light. The last purpose is to test the composite material in a continuous-mode photoreactor submitted to cycles alternating light and dark periods. The ability of the composite to degrade and regenerate is evidenced. ; La présence des micropolluants dans l'environnement est reconnue comme un problème potentiel de santé publique qu'il convient de maitriser afin, d'une part de mettre en place une politique de circularité de l'eau, et d'autre part, de limiter leur dissémination et ainsi leurs effets sur les écosystèmes. Ces substances sont d'origine anthropique et sont pour la plupart bio-récalcitrantes donc partiellement ou non éliminées par les installations de traitement d'eaux usées qui reposent sur l'activité biologique. La photocatalyse hétérogène fait partie des procédés d'oxydation avancée développés spécifiquement pour le traitement des micropolluants. Ce procédé a la particularité de pouvoir utiliser l'énergie solaire comme source énergétique principale ce qui en fait un candidat d'intérêt dans une démarche de développement durable. Les caractéristiques de la ressource solaire, fluctuations/intermittence, impactent directement la capacité de traitement du procédé, et doivent être prises en compte dans sa gestion. Dans la littérature, cette prise en compte pour opérer le procédé porte exclusivement sur les réacteurs dits fermés. Le processus de traitement est alors interrompu la nuit dans les pilotes solaires étudiés. Lors du développement d'un procédé en mode continu, la gestion de l'intermittence s'impose afin de pouvoir assurer un traitement continu de l'effluent. Cette thèse vise à développer un modèle de représentation de la capacité de traitement d'un réacteur fonctionnant sur le principe de la photocatalyse hétérogène. Cette étape est indispensable pour le dimensionnement et pilotage de procédés solaires. Dans une deuxième partie, l'étude se focalise sur la faisabilité d'une technologie de gestion de l'intermittence basée sur un matériau composite adsorbant/photo-catalyseur. L'adsorbant permet de stocker les polluants lorsque la ressource est insuffisante et le photo-catalyseur vise à dégrader les polluants en phase liquide et en phase solide, ce qui revient à régénérer l'adsorbant lors des périodes d'ensoleillement. Ces deux études s'inscrivent dans l'objectif, sur le long terme, de permettre la mise en œuvre d'un procédé de photocatalyse hétérogène solaire en mode continu, capable d'opérer un traitement permanent malgré les fluctuations et l'intermittence solaires. Le premier objectif a consisté à développer un modèle de représentation du transfert radiatif dans les différents milieux hétérogènes réactifs étudiés afin de déterminer la puissance locale absorbée par ces derniers. Dans le cas de particules de photo-catalyseur en suspension, la littérature est relativement fournie, en comparaison des géométries plus complexes, pour lesquelles les études sont moins avancées. Les photo-catalyseurs testés, que sont le dioxyde de titane sous forme particulaire ou déposé sur une mousse alvéolaire macroporeuse inerte, ont ainsi nécessité de développer une approche spécifique. Le second objectif a consisté à déterminer la cinétique de photo-dégradation - dépendant principalement de la concentration en polluant d'étude et de la puissance locale absorbée - à partir d'expérimentations en réacteur fermé. Les vitesses locales des couples polluant, la caféine/photo-catalyseurs, sous forme particulaire ou supportée, ont été déterminées. Connaissant les modèles hydrodynamiques des réacteurs étudiés, un réacteur piston et un réacteur ouvert parfaitement agité, le modèle de représentation de la capacité de traitement, couplant l'ensemble des étapes énoncées (transfert radiatif, cinétique, convection), a été validé et appliqué à des expérimentations de photo-dégradation en réacteur ouvert soumis à des consignes dynamiques représentatives de l'ensoleillement réel. Le dernier objectif, dit exploratoire, a été de tester le matériau composite dans un photo-réacteur ouvert soumis à des cycles sans lumière/avec lumière. La capacité de ce dernier à opérer un traitement photo-catalytique et à s'auto-régénérer au cours des cycles a été montrée.

Recently public administration, strategic management and organizational behaviour have found an intersection in behavioural microfoundation of dynamic capabilities. This thesis starts by defining this field and keywords of the research question. The aspects are treated through literature reviews and empirical analyses following a positivistic vision. The attention is on public organizations. After discussing the evolution of paradigms, such as New Public Management and Network Governance, the investigation is limited to local governments. Municipalities are characterized by proximity to external stakeholders and the possibility to apply strategic concepts, such as dynamic capabilities, which have been mainly a crucial factor in the private sec-tor. Two dynamic capabilities are relevant: innovation and ambidexterity. The thesis defines these constructs and studies their antecedents. In microfoundation, two major fields are cognitive capabilities, related to psychology, and social capital, connected to sociology. The study highlights knowledge-based relationships within and outside organizations with three elaborations: the development of a model of knowledge management, a review on internal relations, another review concerning external networking. The literature on individual cognitive capabili-ties is vast. The focus is on mindfulness and political skill. Both constructs are defined and links to social capital and dynamic capabilities are elaborated. Individual and multilevel hypotheses are developed for each construct. The following parts answer these hypotheses at the individual level empirically. The multilevel hypotheses are left at the theoretical side. They are useful for future research, having collected data also at the organizational level. The first step concerns a case study in a local government through social network analysis, assessing internal relation-ships through an ego-network data collection. This exploratory research shows links between internal social capital and perceived innovation. Secondly, a section discusses methodological choices and good practices to build a questionnaire. The debate oncommon method biases al-lows an evaluation of the limits and strengths of the survey. The questionnaire includes scales already validated with translation-back-translation. The ambidexterity scale was adapted for public organizations. For external networking, there is not a single scale used identically in academic articles. Empirical studies are analysed and various items related to different external stakeholders are evaluated with a team of scholars in public management and public servants. The survey is administered in Italian local governments. Data collection is significant: 551 municipal employees working in 50 municipalities answered the questionnaire. In particular, 484 employees in 46 municipalities filled in the part about ties with colleagues. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses evaluate the structures of measurements and allow to evaluate the reliability and validity of measurements. The microfoundation hypotheses of innovative behaviour and individual ambidexterity are tested statistically with OLS linear regression presented in a hierarchical way and with the option to control for nested effects at the level of municipalities. A second methodology, Hierarchical Linear Modelling confirms results. In order to validate these results and to analyse in-depth mediation hypotheses, a third methodology based on Structural Equation Modeling is conducted. The results confirm that cognitive capabilities, mindfulness and political skills, and social capital, internal and external, may have positive effects on individual dynamic capabilities in local governments. Results are discussed on the contribution that this thesis provides in methodological, managerial and theoretical terms. ; L'administration publique, la gestion stratégique et le comportement organisationnel ont trouvé une intersection dans la microfoundation comportementale des capacités dynamiques. La thèse commence par définir ce champ et les mots-clés de la question de recherche. Les aspects sont traités avec revues de littérature et analyses empiriques avec une vision positiviste. L'attention est sur les organisations publiques. Après avoir élaboré l'évolution des paradigmes, tels que New Public Management et la Gouvernance en Réseau, l'enquête se limite aux communautés territoriales. Les municipalités se caractérisent par leur proximité avec les parties prenantes externes et la possibilité d'appliquer concepts stratégiques, comme les capacités dynamiques, qui sont déjà un facteur crucial dans le secteur privé. Deux capacités dynamiques sont pertinentes: l'innovation et l'ambidextérité. La thèse définit ces constructions et étudie leurs antécédents. Deux domaines caractérisent la microfoundation : les capacités cognitives, liées à la psychologie, et le capital social, lié à la sociologie. L'étude évidence les relations fondées sur les connaissances dedans et dehors l'organisation avec trois élaborations : le développement d'un modèle de gestion des connaissances, une revue des relations internes, une autre sur les relations externes. La littérature sur les capacités cognitives individuelles est vaste. L'accent est mis sur pleine conscience et compétences politiques. Les deux concepts sont définis et liens avec capital social et capacités dynamiques sont élaborés. Hypothèses individuelles et multiniveaux sont développées pour chaque concept. Les parties suivantes répondent empiriquement à ces hypothèses au niveau individuel. Les hypothèses multiniveaux restent théoriques. Elles sont utiles pour recherches futures, ayant recueilli des données aussi au niveau organisationnel. La première étape concerne une étude de cas dans une municipalité avec une analyse des réseaux sociaux, évaluant les relations internes avec une collecte de données individuelle. Cette recherche exploratoire montre les liens entre capital social interne et innovation perçue. Après, une section discute les choix méthodologiques et les bonnes pratiques pour construire un questionnaire. Le débat sur les biais méthodologiques permet une évaluation des limites et des points forts de l'enquête. Le questionnaire comprend des échelles déjà validées avec traduction-rétro-traduction. L'échelle d'ambidextérité est adaptée au secteur public. Il n'y a pas une échelle unique pour le éseautage externe. Etudes empiriques sont analysées et les items liés aux acteurs sont évalués avec une équipe de chercheurs en gestion publique et fonctionnaires. L'enquête est administrée dans les municipalités italiennes. La collecte de données est significative: 551 employés travaillant dans 50 municipalités ont répondu au questionnaire. En particulier, 484 employés dans 46 municipalités ont repli la partie sur les liens avec collègues. Analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires évaluent les structures des me sures et permettent d'évaluer fiabilité et validité. Les hypothèses de microfoundation du comportement innovant et de l'ambidextérité individuelle sont testées avec régression linéaire présentée de façon hiérarchique avec l'option pour contrôler les effets imbriqués au niveau des municipalités. Une deuxième méthodologie, la modélisation linéaire hiérarchique confirme les résultats. Afin de valider ces résultats et d'analyser en profondeur les hypothèses de médiation, une troisième méthodologie basée sur les équations structurelles est réalisée. Les résultats confirment que les capacités cognitives, la pleine conscience et les compétences politiques, ainsi que le capital social, interne et externe, peuvent avoir des effets positifs sur les capacités dynamiques individuelles dans les municipalités. Les apports méthodologiques, managériaux et théoriques sont discutés.