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AbstractTerrorism is an instrument for groups that cannot achieve their political goals legally. One important strategic function of terrorism is to weaken the government – either directly by attacking representatives or supporters of the government or indirectly by causing a political response that is unpopular among the population. Often, however, political stability of the home government is buttressed by foreign powers. In this case, the terrorists can have a strategic interest in attacking nationals of these foreign countries. This article analyses this logic by looking at international alliances as a proxy for international support. If the friend of my enemy is my enemy, then terror entrepreneurs, which seek to overthrow their home country's government (the enemy), may find it attractive to target nationals of the foreign allies of their country (the friends of the enemy). The theory in this article predicts that attacking nationals of a foreign ally is particularly attractive if this ally is militarily more powerful than the home country. Moreover, the combined effect of alliance and relative power differentials becomes stronger the more democratic the ally and becomes weaker the more democratic the terrorists' home country. Empirical support for the hypotheses in this article is found in an analysis of a directed country dyad sample of international terrorism.

The article looks at the public international law aspects of the BEPS Convention adopted in 2016 and open for signature in 2017. This OECD and G20 Multilateral Instrument (MLI) raises first of all the question whether international tax law is a branch of public international like any other. To answer this question, the paper looks at the specificities of the Convention, through both its normative contents and the treaty law techniques that are used to craft this rather unusual instrument. The first part of the analysis thus draws on some of the substantive rules of the MLI such as the introduction of a new aim of fighting against the double non-imposition but it also critically assesses the procedural provisions relating to dispute settlement in international tax issues. In the second part, the paper particularly dwells upon the different flexibility clauses which amount to much more than the reservations system classically known in public international law. It also draws attention to the way in which the MLI relates to the bilateral tax conventions that it aims at modifying, thus questining the truly multilateral nature of the instrument.

Environmental issues and questions of global change are now firmly established on the international political agenda. This book provides a wide-ranging survey of the current treatment of environmental issues in international relations. This book begins by looking at the relevance of the different theoretical approaches current in international relations to the study of the environment. It analyzses a wide range of approaches from the debate between neo-realism and liberal institutionalism to the significant connections between gender and global environmental change. The book goes on to consider a range of key international processes, discussing the monitoring and implementation of environmental agreements, the place of ideology in negotiations and the role of international organisations.

"Sowohl das auf dem System von Versailles basierende europäische Staatensystem als auch die europäischen Demokratien blieben in der Zwischenkriegszeit instabil. Dennoch war die Entwicklung zum Zweiten Weltkrieg nicht unabänderlich und zwangsläufig. Stets gab es an kritischen Wegscheiden Alternativen, stets auch individuelle oder nationale Verantwortlichkeiten. Anschaulich belegt der Beitrag die Interessenlage und das taktische Vorgehen der wichtigsten europäischen Mächte im Schicksalsjahr 1939." (Autorenreferat)

Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Introduction -- International Entrepreneurship -- First Stage: Fascination with a New Phenomenon: 1994-2005 -- Second Stage: From Broadening the Scope to Reconciliation: 2005-2014 -- Third Stage: Going Back to the Core: 2014-Present -- Overview of Chapters in this Volume -- Future Research Directions -- IE and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems -- IE and Processes of (Open) Innovation -- IE and Diffusion, Translation and Institutional Entrepreneurship -- IE, Social Innovation and Sustainable Development -- References -- Part 1 New Concepts and Theorising -- Chapter 1 Effectuation Theory and International Business Research: A Bibliometric Overview -- Introduction -- Method -- Results of the Bibliographic Analysis -- General Results -- Most Influential Documents -- Most Influential Authors -- Most-cited References -- Conceptual Structure -- Conclusion and Research Opportunities -- Limitation of the Study -- References -- Chapter 2 Entrepreneurial Market-making Across Borders: The Case of Cultural and Technological Innovation -- Introduction -- Market-making Entrepreneurs: Technological and Cultural Innovation -- Optimal Distinctiveness During Cross-border Venturing -- Strategies to Achieve Optimal Distinctiveness During International Venturing -- Assembling Technological Market Referent -- Differentiate -- Legitimate -- Upholding Technological Market Referent (Technological Innovation) -- Legitimate -- Differentiate -- Sharpening Market Movement Boundaries (Cultural Innovation) -- Legitimate -- Differentiate -- Delimiting Within Market Movement Boundaries (Cultural Innovation) -- Differentiate -- Legitimate -- Discussion, Limitations and Conclusion -- Model -- Contributions -- Limitations -- Conclusion -- References.

The volume is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the internationalization of American Studies. The essays by European, American and Latin American scholars provide critical evaluations of a wide range of concepts, including trans-national and post-national, international, trans-atlantic, trans-pacific, as well as hemispheric, inter-American and comparative American studies. Combining theoretical reflections and actual case studies, the collection proposes a reassessment of current developments at a time when American nations experience the paradoxical simultaneity of both weakened and strengthened national borders alongside multiple challenges to national sovereignty.

This paper attempts to portray a profile of international inequality or inequality of real income among nations, assuming that total income of every country is equally distributed among its population. Also, in an attempt to find the contributions of incomes of different groups of countries to total inequality, a new method of disaggregation of the Gini coefficient is applied to global inequality. While only two types of grouping are analyzed, the method is flexible enough to deal with any type of grouping. It is demonstrated that important questions regarding the effects of economic growth in a subgroup of countries on global inequality can be answered using this method. Thus, the elasticities of the Gini coefficient of the disparity among countries with respect to income of specific groups are presented.